Adoption of the courts and its function With the start of recently formed administrations’ function with its new composition,
had to cancel the exceptional special rights enjoyed by upper classes and clergy, by forming permanent courts through elections with the participation of all social classes. For accurate information about the Mountaineer inhabitants, to be placed in the basis of decisions for improving their situations and the collection of taxes, had to carry out census, which was deemed by the clergy is contrary to the provisions of Islamic Sharia Law. The new staff who did not get to know the people yet, and the people did not get to the use of their authority, to accomplish such steps successfully, if not for the stringent measures taken at the beginning of the year 1865 against some of the people who are protesting publicly on the decision to stop migration to Turkey and the need to free the peasants, in which these measures prevented attempts sabotage by some objectors to carry out the census of population and the election of judges by secret ballot, although it was not possible to open the courts soon. Members of the upper classes and the clergy in an attempt to maintain their special authorities in the Judicial Authority in the communities by distorting the idea of forming the courts through the election of free representatives from all social classes, and elections were delayed; but after the authorities provided explanations not to prejudice the customs and the Sharia Law and that they will remain as they are, indignation of the people has dropped towards the new courts, which Deputies and judges in Administrative Courts elections had taken place by secret ballot, quietly and in accordance with the Law of the elections of staff approved by the Commander of the Region in 20,August, 1865. The courts have opened its sessions as follow: BsiKobski as from 7, August 1865, Labinsky as from October, 1865, Robeski from October, 1865, Zelinchukski from September, 1865, and Albroski from 6, December 1865. After the formation of the courts in this method and the representation of all social classes, it began to work committed to the popular traditions, but it soon became apparent that the residents of sectors of multi origins have habits that differ greatly from each other, which the matter necessitated to initiate comparison between the traditions and customs, and after reconsolidating the public, the judges have adopted those customs, which was to commensurate with the spirit of laws Empire to follow in the sectors. It did not take much time until it became clear that with changing lifestyles, a lot of life situations do not have solutions to the lack of an instance in the past years, then the judges decided to resort to laws that operate the Magistrates Courts, where they saw as suitable for application in sectors interpretation courts. In doing so, thereby enabling the interpretation courts of the imposition of the general laws of the empire instead of some habits considered by the leaders of the Mountaineers that is inappropriate, without causing concern to the general public and even got in regard to some important issues, on written authorizations signed by dignitaries as guarantee for it. In general there is hope that if we continue to guide the Mountaineer interpretation courts in a flexible manner as we have done so far and commit the Mountaineers gradually by understanding the laws and followed-regulations in the Empire, we will inform people about them in a very short time, then, subordination of Mountaineers to the system of public institutions will not face strong objections by people who are affected by the various rumors, only because they are not familiar with the Law of the Courts set to be in 20, November, 1864, which exploited the clergy and fanatic people who hate all that is Russia in order to raise fears among the general public. In the first three years of its existence, the administrative interpretation courts were preoccupied greatly as the arbitration was delayed because of the need for translation of chairmen and secretaries of the courts and that the Mountaineers were reporting to the courts to hear cases of heirs old worn a long time. Now, the work of the courts has largely decreased as a result of the completion of old cases on one hand, and the transfer of complaints, prosecutions and small irregularities to the villages’ courts on the other hand, and generally, the Mountaineers have confidence in the impartiality of court decisions, and the upper mountaineer social classes, now accept the need to waive the privileges, and they function in the courts like the other population, while courts’ deputies are no longer evade to consider the issues of the upper classes and this is a absolute prove that the general judicial system will take root among the Mountaineers of the Kuban Region.
Document 352
Abolition of tribal authority and the establishment of elected administrations in the villages as a means of unifying the administrative resolutions. Shortly after the establishment of the current administrations, the authorities considered that members of the upper classes who had taken hostile attitudes of all the reforms that have taken place in the life of Mountaineers and did not execute orders of the Authority as they should, the authority considered that they were not fit for assuming leadership positions in the villages, which they used to do by virtue of their origin, and a decoration was issued for the abolition of villagers’ leaders positions and replace them with collectively elected positions. New individuals were elected in the year 1866 for the posts of mayors and their assistants by closed voting, including a good number of them of the simple social class. Through asserting the collectively elected positions in the rural administrations, the local authorities have obtained active assistants of those who have no interest in maintaining the old system, which was serving influenced tribes, in addition to that, according to the new law, if it is found that the mayor or his deputy is not fit to hold his position, the heads of departments to be entitled after testing the persons elected and to obtain evidence for their disqualification, to nominate other persons to fill the mayor positions of their choice, where they could modify the results of the elections smoothly, and this issue was impossible in some villages in the past due to the particular position that the Mountaineer population had taken towards the government and the system established for them.
Document 353
village courts in accordance with the law on organizing village Adoption of communities in the area beyond the Kuban.
During two and a half years of the current administrations formation, the senior villages’ employees have well realized the fundamental security laws, as Mountaineer residents learned in general the procedures for consideration of issues and recently adopted in the districts construal courts, thus enabling local leadership to move forward in arranging for the Mountaineer population to subjugate to the general laws of the empire. For this purpose, a formulation was performed for the law of the organization of the villages’ communities, in accordance with the municipal laws of communities management for the area beyond the Caucasus, and was adopted as a temporary measure in the departments’ administrations to guide the senior villages’ employees in regard to the nature of their work or the frame of their authority as well. According to this law the village mayors were given far more authority to punish the offenders than the heads of towns and regions in order to enable them to have positive impact on the villages inhabitants, and under the command of the heads of administrations and to deter those who do not accept subjugation to comply with the orders of the collectively elected mayors. It was also taken into account that not every mayor will be able to dare do things where he will be able at the beginning to inform the heads of administration of all what happens, while if he has the authority to take measures and punishment, then he will not allow breaching the system.
During the last year, the law of organizing the villages’ communities has been circulated in public meetings several times, in addition to repeatedly explaining it by the heads of administrations and the deputy commander of the Kuban Region to manage the Mountaineer population which made the inhabitants understand it quite well.
The mayors, owing to their good position in the community and their pride in their status in it, which are doing their best not to disappoint the community's hopes and the confidence of the leadership, and accordingly they understand what their rights and duties are, and village courts have learned the duties and rights, and only because of the absence of good mullahs at a lot of villages, the cleared issues are not logged in the registers, in addition to that normally the clergies’’ habit that transferred to the Mountaineer courts, also to resolve the issues only in accordance with the formal side only of the traditions, that prevents the conciliation between the method of consideration of the issues in the village courts and the provisions of general law because the Mountaineer population do not seek into the details of the issues, but content themselves with witness verifications that are not confirmed in favor of this party or that, or the defendants have often divided themselves with the presence of one or two witnesses.
It is not possible to change this bad habit, except by creating the public awareness slowly to the attention of what is wrong and improper.
Generally, it can be said that the village courts were verified properly and relaxed work on the construal courts of the districts as they meet the needs of the population adequately.
The village economy is still in the process of incorporation, in which the process of sorting public lands did not include all areas, and in many villages, the influential people still grazing their livestock cattle, plowing the land and pack the herbs on the own, and not according to the draw or decisions of the villages’ meeting.
In all the villages of the Albroski District which specialize in livestock, reserve grain stores were built. Initially there was no decision to collect grain, especially for the reserve stores, in order to avoid the anger of inhabitants who always question the goal of establishing the grain stores in general, and the amount of grain mentioned in the attached list under item (a) is what has been disconnected from Zakat since the year 1864 by one third, that was dispersed earlier almost entirely, but did not allocate much of the Zakat money for the poor, so creating reserve grain stores did not face strong deterrent in the rural communities. If recent two years have witnessed a good harvest, the grain stocks in stores far greater.
In the villages, there are many grain silos are built of cut-wood in addition to other stores are built in accordance with the Circassian way, which is not good for storing grain. Other good silos will be belt for reserve grain storage gradually without causing fatigue for people.
There are villages where there are with no public funds at all because these funds are accrued of revenue incidentals such as: one third of the value of increased livestock, the proportion of income from the sale of broken branches of public forests and from leasing the unexploited farms, etc., in addition to the value of fines collected according to decision of the mayors of villages and the courts. Public funds are saves in the villages with the head of the Funds and are monitored by the leadership until it is spent properly and without irregularities.
Census of population in the mountainous districts Based on the decisions announced, at different times of the Mountaineer Peoples, the inhabitants of the Kuban Region, that they should be paying taxes after a period of exemption which lasted 3 years and the end of this period for the majority of them, and taking into account the plan of land distribution for the Mountaineers, so for implementing these procedures properly and in conjunction with the election of judges in the construal courts, the military and popular administrations to conduct a census of the Mountaineers for a variety of pretexts, without provoking intolerance and suspicions they have. Demand of the of the Mountaineer inhabitants for giving them more land plots has contributed to remove this barrier, under the pretext of collecting detailed information on the males of villages’ inhabitants and on raising of livestock, the clergies have prepared the first lists of males and have gathered information about the number of cattle in villages with a review of records for more than once, while the authorities have carried out indirect census of women, therefore, the names of residents of the mountainous districts have been registered, and became a reliable document when discussing issues related to collecting taxes from the Mountaineers as well as when granting them land plots and the liberalization of peasants. The efforts of the heads of departments who have worked with skill and care have crowned with total success that has surprised the Mountaineers themselves.
Document 354
Actions taken to distribute the lands among the Mountaineer population Taking into account the ambiguity in the issue of lands which were supposed to be in the base of constructing a happy life for the Mountaineer population and agricultural reform as well, it was necessary to do land sorting procedures as soon as possible in order to let Mountaineers possess land plots, and for that purpose, we have requested in the year 1865, 5 Topography specialists to be sent under the power of the local governor of the Mountaineer peoples, to end the survey of lands in Warobeski and Zelenchukski districts during that year and to begin proposing a project to distribute lands to the inhabitants of these two districts in the following year. These potentials have increased in the years 1866 and 1867 after the arrival of more topography specialists, as during the two mentioned years, the Labenski district’s lands were surveyed while in the year 1866 a surveyor was sent from the screening committee to draft a project to divide the lands of the villages belonging to Warobeski and Zelenchukski districts. Unfortunately, the loss of 15 panels of land survey of the Warobeski and Zelenchukski districts’lands has prevented the implementation of the land screening in the two districts of Warobeski and Zelenchukski in the year 1868, and in Labenski districts in the year 1869, because in the 1868 the surveyors and topography specialists who were under the command of the deputy commander of the Kuban Region to manage the mountaineers to re-draw missing panels as to survey the lower part of the Albroski, and as a result, the chance to start screening, starting from Warobeski and Zelenchukski districts, except in the year 1869. In view of the adoption of new and simplified screening method, there is hope that most lands of these two districts in the current 1869 year.
Document 355
Implementing taxation on the Mountaineer population Based on a resolution No. 1233, dated 3 & 4 July, 1865, by the General Karpov, due to the absence of the army commander, it was obligatory to spend on the administration Albroski district, which was established for the needs of the Karachay community and upon request, and all the construal courts of the districts from the funds of the districts’ inhabitants that will be collected at specific times.
In the year 1865, the value of these taxes had been determined for each family according to its financial status, and taxes were paid on time.
Then His Highness, the Army Commander-In-Chief has ordered in the decision issued in 6, February, 1866, to impose taxes as of first of January of this year to all the Mountaineer inhabitants that time of exemption has ended, which is 3 years from the time of their deportation from the mountains and their stay in the current accommodation. The value of tax reached 3 rubles per family, while it reached 4 rubles 50 Koubek for the people of the residents of the Armenian town of Armavir being rich and owning land more than others, and a specialized committee has determined the taxes rate in each village, according to the potentials of households and its percentage in the exploitation of the public lands. Based on these decisions, taxes are paid for 3 years and a half without any irregularities with the previously paid for half a year in advance. The amount of annual taxes is shown in item (c) of the attached list.
Calculations indicate that the idea of collecting the tax, according to the financial situation of the population, has found acceptance within the community despite a sharp debate in the villages when establishing the value of the taxes, however, some times the committees cases had exempted the poorest population from paying taxes completely or they were not more than 25-50 Koubeck, while the rich were committed to pay 46 to 70 rubles per family, at a time the Kabarday of Khudz village only kept evading the process of determining the value of the taxes on the basis of the financial situation of the population, under the effect of the individuals who are rich and of influence and they requested not to touched with their habit that according to it, the upper classes were exempted from paying money for public needs and the remainder were to bear the costs equally. However, the residents of Khudz had never opposed the government's actions.
Document 356
About the Reform on Peasants As a result of minds’ agitation that happened between the province’s Mountaineer population in the summer of 1866 because of taxation implemented on them, that is planned to be collected next autumn, it was decided that the time is not suitable for the implementation of what was planned to collect data on the social stratums through a public questionnaire, but a resolution was issued that the administrations should compile it secretly to avoid the eruption of differences and suspicions among its owners and peasants, as had occurred in the years 1864 and 1865.
Unfortunately, the disturbances that had occurred at the end of July 1866 in Sokhumi, had caused the spread of bad rumors among the Mountaineers to the extent that the police team consisting of fleeing Kabardians under the command of Lieutenant Doltgeri Kodenetov, who was recalled from Khodz to perform a campaign to Abkhazia, went to apply for the Command of the request of leasing the peasants forever, otherwise the team will not go to Abkhazia because in the event of robbing the peasants from them, they would be themselves such as the Abkhazians.
It is usual that in light of these disorders, it was not possible that good relations of the owners with their peasants, who were expecting the decision of their freedom one day after the other, and waiting, became very tense since the fall of 1866 when liberalization of peasants had begun in the land of Kabarday.
In these circumstances, and despite a pledge by the authorities in January 1865 to give owners a deadline to put in order their economical conditions, had to put in place expeditiously, foundations to resolve the question of the peasants system, in order that the authorities will not to be forced to resort to reform under the pressure of certain unforeseen circumstances without a well-thought plan. well thought out. The unrest among the peasants could had been exacerbated and increased, so as the Government was forced to use strong measures against them before setting up the reform, which could lead for that class of society to to move away from the government, which is that class which the government had to count on its gratitude as a result of the reforms. After that, in January 1867, the heads of administrations were called to Yekatrenodar, and the committee formed under the chairmanship of the Acting Deputy Commander of the province for Mountaineers’ affairs to establish a list of obligations to the various related classes towards the owners, and to lay the main foundations for ways and conditions of their liberation. After reviewing these laws, they have been transferred to the Committee for the Liberation of classes related to the Caucasian Mountaineers’ tribes attached to a detailed plan to the implementation of the reform of the liberation of the peasants, and were approved by His Highness the Commander of the Army, and in resolution No. 2209 issued in 17 May 1867, it was adopted as guides to prepare the Mountaineer population for the peasants liberating plan. Thanks to the efforts made by the districts’ administrations, and realistic actions taken, the Mountaineers have accustomed to reform to the extent that when in late 1867 when representatives from the concerned administrations had met in the departments’ administrations to discuss conditions for liberating peasants, we did not face difficulty in bringing the two parties to an agreement on the value of fees in almost all the districts, noting that most of the owners have agreed to free the peasants for half or even one third of the amount of fees adopted previously. Based on laws established by districts’ committees and in accordance with the instructions of His Highness the Commander of the Army, a final draft was set to liberate all related classes of the Mountaineer community, where after review by the Committee for the Liberation of the related classes in the Caucasian mountainous tribes has been approved by the Army Commander, and in June 1868 was circulated to the Mountaineer inhabitants with an invitation to hold transactions in accordance with the conditions specified in the project with the assurance that the conditions contained therein will become mandatory as of first of November of that year to those owners and peasants, who did not hold an agreement by that date.
For not getting the transactions heavy on the peasants and to give the right formula for the agreements of parties, in the first half of the year 1868, a special delegate was sent to each of the five districts, and his responsibilities had been identified through special instructions.
The forecasts indicated that many property owners who the livestock had formed the main part of their works will be exposed to significant losses if the livestock is kept without care with the onset of winter, prompting local authorities to take all measures for the Liberation of peasants without delay and before the compulsory date and based on peaceful agreements as far as possible.
These efforts were culminated successfully especially in the Werobeski, where almost all peasants were liberated until May, 1868, and in first of November, a number of 5079 of both sexes was left not liberated, that consist 28% of the total number of peasants who are presently with the Mountaineer population as of the beginning of the year 1866. In first of November, liberation of peasants was declared, and prayers were performed in all districts for the health of His Majesty the Emperor, and for the well-being of all classes of the Mountaineer community embarked on a new life, then declared the liberation of all peasants who did not hold agreements with their owners yet. The conditions of the cold season and poor mountainous houses were possibly to lead the property owners who didn’t get use to work and they lost their peasants, to feel the impact of this reform on them, but luckily, the public opinion in the Mountaineer society in addition to the local authorities’ efforts, had played in maintaining a good relationship between peasants who have temporary obligations and their owners a positive role, and the relations between peasants and their owners better than it was before the reform, and this will ensure that fees of liberation would be paid at the specified times, as the poorest part of owners and peasants have received assistance for the acquisition of necessary cattle, as it has been spent for this procedure 11 102 rubles out of 35 thousand rubles allocated for this purpose. the peasants free had made the owners themselves to The outcome of setting Not only the middle classes, but even poor princes and sultans, work in their farms.which some -who are living outside the communities of Abazian and Kabarday had started work on farms, –with them people are keen to preserve the old regime and local authorities are making all efforts to encourage them and support their morals. Unfortunately, there are persons who are still considering work in the farms is wrong, and whatever few the number of such persons was, there must be a bit of vigilance in the first phase so as not to cause these people to breach of public order. Document 357 Eradication of Theft Phenomenon The change that was imposed on the character of the rural administrations, had given the districts’ administrations an opportunity to work on eradicating the theft phenomenon, which was widely spread in the Mountaineer community, particularly among members of the upper classes, who usually spent their time completely in idle. This scourge has decreased, which was eating away the roots of the Mountaineer community significantly, due to the cooperation in most rural communities and due to the perception that was changed by most of the people to some extent that suggests the hope that the thefts will no longer be tolerated by the society as it was in the past if the local authorities is concerned to monitor; year after year, the persuasion will strengthen the awareness of the society more and more about the damage created by this phenomenon.
Document 358
Ending the "Ebrik" phenomenon and the deportation of the hakuchey by the Mountaineers themselves As a result of the continuation of the Caucasian war which every Mountaineer individual had seen to harm Russians in all ways and shapes, a sacred obligation, in which the prestige of skilled persons in carrying out of atrocities in the territories controlled by the Russians had increased. In fact, the position of the Mountaineers towards the theft of livestock issue and even looting to change rapidly, simply because of declaring their loyalty as a result of being forced to do so. For these reasons, it was still there in the Mountaineer community, entire families kicking from theft, and generally this lesion was still spreading among the inhabitants of the mountains is very large scale. With the establishment of Cossack towns beyond the Kuban, which was formed in general of immoral people who were expelled from various Cossack communities, theft acts had increased, as had appeared in the years 1863 and 1867 - and perhaps still - the thieves living in the regions and neighboring provinces are working through a series of stages where the livestock and stolen property pass from hand to another hand and disappear in the settlements of Kalmik in the Stavropol province, the Kabarday territories, Abkhazia, Samorzakan and Svanetia. In these circumstances, the local authorities were assigned to take effective actions to eradicate this scourge, and the districts’ administrations had set up intensive monitoring on the persons who are engaged in theft, after identifying them.
And due to large numbers of persons accused of frequent theft and who were sentenced to exile outside the jurisdiction of the province under the law # 529 set in 20, January, 1966, it appeared that it should be compulsory for district courts not to take into account of those thefts that took place previously, which were considered according to the former scheme prior to the approval of the interpretation courts of the districts. However, a sentence is stated to exile outside the boundaries of the province against those who carry out theft for three times on a large number of notorious thieves in a short time.
When the courts began to carry out the sentence against thieves carefully escaped four residents of the Chamber Psekupso in the summer of 1866 from the villages to the mountains and after joining the mountain people of others remaining in the southern slope and the formation of a big gang started their campaigns looting in the towns of cohorts in behind the cups and the Chamber Tchernomorsky, with a Previously many events and remained unpunished and this is why the fugitives to leave the Chamber Psekupso .
Default by residents of settlements of regiments beyond the Kuban who did not recognize yet the area very well made a bandit profession unpunished and almost attractive to young Mountaineer districts who do not have any work. A result for that, and for the severity of the actions taken against robbers, the cases of escape from the districts of Labenski, Psekupso and Zelinchukski have increased, therefore the inability of local authorities in the fight against this scourge and without the sincere help by rural communities adversely affect the attitude of the population who tended to sympathize with the escapees, and that stand got an impact on the situation in the region beyond the Kuban as a whole, as it was no accident or surprise, but resulted from conditions of the region being hidden, diverse and elusive as well as to the specificity of the mountains’ life. The local administration has watched this scourge carefully and tried to eradicate it from the roots by the troops sent within the recent four years.
It is not difficult to imagine how looting could be spread in the community if those savage enemies had stayed in the region.
Despite the strict military surveillance on the mountainous strip, harsh disciplinary actions had been taken in September of the year 1867, against those who are making cover on the Abrik and against the villagers that the Ebrik had stayed in, before fleeing, or those that crime was committed on its territory but did not receive the punishment. Also, the Mountaineer inhabitants were prevented to depart their villages to the Cossack towns if there was no urgent need, and night patrols were placed in the villages.
The aim of these harsh measures is to prevent the community and some persons from supporting the fugitives, which led initially to a complete cessation of incidents in the areas of military popular districts, but it continued in the other parts of the province, and when local authorities began to monitor suspicious persons in secretly by loyal people, who sincerely worked in return for good financial rewards, the fugitives had given up living in the villages, although this did not stop criminals from carrying out looting and robbery, but they even committed them to the existence of excess brutally, due to availability of safe havens for them in the folds of the south-western slope of the Caucasus.
The continuation of these difficult situations threatens the residents of towns by impoverishment, and would hinder the process of settlement of vacant lands to the Chirnomorsky District, and under the coming reform, it could have led to the flight of the owners who are the opponents of reform, and therefore an all-out war against groups that have safe havens in the folds of the southern slope is a done deal.
In addition, it was necessary to reduce the cost of border patrols, which were figuring high cost , by anyway possible, especially that they were unable to prevent looting away from the control points, despite that it has made criminals to take caution during their infiltration into the mountainous towns.
In view of the above and depending on the sincerity of statements of families not to allow the non-trusted members of the community to communicate with the Ebrik and their fellow residents of the southern slope, and taking into account what happened in the Zelenchukski District where in the early summer of the year 1868, all those fugitives had followed the example of someone who returned from a flee voluntarily and the authorities deliberately didn’t arrest him, preferring to return and surrender themselves to stay in places of non-inhabited areas in the upper parts of Laba, Mzymta and Psip, it was necessary to accept the assistance pledged by those who provide cover-up to the Ebrik, who were arrested in order to convince the fugitives from the mountainous districts to surrender in cooperation with the mayors after inducing them to ease Punishment, if not completely pardoned, and all of that is to ensure the security of the population and to achieve calmness in the province, in addition to the accomplishing success for settlement of the Chernomorski District. In early July, a letter was sent on this matter to His Highness, the Commander of the Army, and the Acting Deputy Commander of the Kuban Region for the affairs of the Mountaineers to take the necessary measures to call the Ebrik and the so-called, the hakuchey tribe, remaining in southern slope - if possible. Due to the skill and courage of Lieutenant Aslanov, Deputy of Psekobski District Court, and the outstanding efforts made by the elders and residents of Districts of Psekobski and Labenski who realized the extent of damage caused by looting, this process had culminated successfully, and all the Ebrik had left and dragged behind them more than 500 of the hakuchey to move to the military popular administrations in spite of their attachment to their land and their willingness to die before being captured.
Document 359
On the Mountaineers’ handing over the weapons
Due to the danger of the break-out of a foreign war in the year 1864 and the beginning of the year 1865, no measures were taken to disarm the Mountaineer population of the Kuban region after beating them, because it was not possible to bit on the Mountaineer inhabitants despite the length of their stay in the Plains, they did not stop their habits and behaviors by surrendering their weapons voluntarily, while if their weapons were snatched from them by force, that would have lead to disturbances in the neighboring Tereskaya province, which must be avoided because of the possibility of the break-up of a foreign war. But with keeping the weapons, a long time had elapsed on the mountaineers until they realized their situation, and often they seemed determined to protest against government actions which have not been accepted by them. This wrong doings of the Mountaineer population, in addition to some of the intolerance that does not only support alienating all that is Russian, but also justifies acts of looting and robbery that were carried out by loyalists Mountaineers in the province also from time to time, and to push the local leadership to look for ways to pressure on the Mountaineers to prevent them from exercising their nuisance habits against the public order.
To this end, at the beginning of the year 1866, the Mountaineer inhabitants were strictly prohibited to carry firearms except for shepherds and guards who were guarding the farms from wild pigs at night. Unfortunately, the campaigns of looting that the Ebrik were carry them out consistently in the mountainous towns in the year 1867 instead of the individual thefts that had occurred in the past near the mountainous districts without punishing the criminals, had sent a hope in the minds of some Mountaineer residents for the deserters from the plains to find a shelter refuge in the folds of the West Caucasus. For the existence of such intentions in addition to possible larger unrest between the Mountaineers population during the execution of the campaign to liberate the peasants in the year 1868 had to disarm the Mountaineers’ arms at the first suitable opportunity, and this opportunity had come at the beginning of the year 1868 and had to tak advantage of.
In October of the year 1867, an incident had taken place near the village of Enemskogo (aka Takhtamukai), where a farm was burnt which was established by tenant Mauch within the territory of the village, where its owner was killed by the criminals. Responsibility for the incident was blamed on the village’s inhabitants for deliberate non-assistance for the victims and the lack of action to arrest the criminals, which was the consequent removal of firearms from the people of Takhtamukai the way that had occurred in mahigiree, but due to lack of evidence to prove their involvement and the fear of resistance of the people of Takhtamukai to be disarmed, the Commander of Psekobski District, Captain Kolosov had received an order to initiate the population in a very confidential way for the idea of handing over of their weapons. In late January, 1868, the population of this village has already handed over their weapons to the authorities. Also some of the dignitaries of the Psekobski District who are loyal to the government have persuaded the members of their communities to take the example of the people of Takhtamiqwai, and some of them did so because they know the validity of this procedure to maintain security in the region and the others for competition purposes
Such important resolutions were definitely to cause discussions and hesitations, and a reply for the society’s queries, the leaders have expounded that the Government is not demanding the handover of weapons, but would show compassion to those villages that would hand over their weapons, because it sees that as evidence of willingness to cooperate in every way for the maintaining order, and the villages of Psekobski District have handed over the firearms in the shortest time.
Such important resolutions was definitely to cause effect on the rest of the population of the Kuban Region’s mountainous districts, and for the need to get use of the rumors in regard to hand over the weapons which started to spread, the heads of districts were requested to carry out a mission of circulating the idea among the Mountaineers, about the benefits of handing over the weapons without publicly showing the role of the leaders in this task. After several meetings, the inhabitants of the lower villages of Lapinski District as well as population of Worup and Noughai of Zelenchukski District have handed over their weapons to the heads of districts, however, the fleeing and arrogant Kabardian youth, who some people have instigated them against the handover of weapons have declared that remaining without weapons is shame on them. At the end of February of the year 1868, the semi-educated and fanatic mullahs have always renewed their sermons to immigrate to Turkey in order to achieve their religious interests taking advantage of the tense social situations due to farmers’ liberation that is expected soon. This movement has started and spread often in Khodz, and firstly because of the absence of the acting deputy chief of the head of the region for the Mountaineers’ affairs, and then the absence of the commander of the region who traveled to Tbilisi at the time in a task, it was difficult to assess the importance of the rumors and the various meetings that had taken place, which prevented from taking firm actions in a timely manner to eliminate all hopes of Kabardians to meet their demand to migrate to Turkey or any other concession in the peasants liberation issue.
By the beginning of the planting season in March as well as April a group of the most fanatical opponents have intended to boycott the agriculture practices as a confirmation of their intention to emigrate to Turkey in addition to collecting requests from the population to emigrate to Turkey in various ways. Because this situation has continued to Khodz for more than two weeks, which was threatening the population of these villages to remain without crops and after the Kabardian elders in 20th of April have clearly declared that the youth do not obey them and will not take their advice, but they are preparing for armed resistance where the use of force has become necessary.
Persons who practiced sabotage operations and who did not refuse to execute the orders of the commandant, but also, refused all calls and tips, had been to eliminate behind the barriers they lodged after they opened fire on the leaders of the district that were sent to them demanding their surrender and to hand over the weapons, in which all opponents were disarmed of weapons.
Also this cruel treatment with Khodz rebels had returned Kabarday Zelenchuk to the right, and they hastily came to hand over their weapons to raise the responsibility of themselves for criminal intentions. Thus, four districts have handed over firearms in full, while the population of Albroski were allowed to keep the weapons because of their special status as residents of the Mountainous front posts and practicing growing cattle on a large scale, as well as for their distinctiveness compared with other neighboring tribes that did not come without trouble. The harsh measures taken against the rebels of Khodz and the handover of firearms for a rapid shift in thinking and behavior of all the Mountaineer population of the Kuban Region, and the voices of those who are realistic went over the boards of the communities. After the elapse of less than half a year, those Mountaineers themselves who used in the past to hide information on followed criminals who are wanted by the authority and the courts are not even convincing them to surrender to the authorities, but also persuading the hakuchey to migrate from the mountains, which results in the adoption of full security in the region and the neighboring Chernomorski district.
Document 360
About the actions taken to improve the economy and livelihoods of the Mountaineer people in general Together with measures to ensure economic development of the Mountaineer population properly through the distribution of land to the villagers, personalities, and the most influential families, the search for better ways to educate the Mountaineer population to the best ways of managing the economy and improve living standards in general the most important of what the districts’ administrations have worked for.
The sensitivity of some people of these issues, in addition to the lack of sufficient confidence for the Mountaineers, have prevented the districts’ administrations from issuing precise instructions or requiring them to execute any actions, but the full awareness of the need for the development of the needs of the Mountaineer population’s living and to direct their efforts towards improving the economy and the eradication of false views that prevent to bring them closer to inhabitants residing in the neighborhood in order to pacify and for the Russianness of the Mountaineer population had stimulated the staff of the popular military administrations to work vigorously, and as an effect, great positive changes had occurred during the last four years in the economy of the Mountaineers, in proportion of the short time period, including the following:
a) We have managed to convince the Mountaineers’ public for the disqualification of their houses, which was of the mobile type exception of the Karachay areas, as the walls of the houses are made of twigs, the windows are without glass, the doors are not well-fixed, and chimneys are made also of branches, which do not protect people from cold and moisture, and all that cause in addition to permanent air currents and the stoves’ smoke to the spread of eye diseases and colds that pose a threat to children in particular, that the mortality rate rises amongst them in general. Almost all the Armenian Mountaineers, the Naghwey as well as many of the Shabsough would now own small houses with stoves to spend the winter period. As well as Abaza, Temryuk, Abzakh, Mahosh, Bselen and Robe have a good number of houses with stoves, at a time that not all the Kabardians, Bselen, Zelenchuk, Koma’s Abazin, and many of the Bjadogh, despite the presence of large quantities of wood, they will not accept this fad of living which its benefit is not limited in the health point of view only but it also has gotten an economical need, because Asian stoves should be on all the time in the winter which was previously leading to the destruction of forests and the fatigue of animals in the winter time as a result of transporting wood without stopping and the stoves are often the cause of fires. Although, the conversion of many of the Mountaineer inhabitants to the use of dry dung for the purposes of heating as the Naghwey after the issuance of the decision for the prevention of cutting the woods, however, the livestock at the 3 neighboring districts are not common, to the extent that would cover the need of the Circassian stoves for the fuel taking, as every hearth in the winter season would consume at least half a cart of firewood. So we can say that in the near future and with the direction of local authorities, the Mountaineers will leave their houses to build solid houses, which would lead them to abandon their tendency to move from one place to another for trivial reasons.
b) The poor construction of houses and the permanent shortage of warm clothes because of poverty and customs that prevent women often to go out for the familiar pattern in dressing as well as dirtiness are of the causes of the spread of many diseases among the Mountaineers. As well as the little and bad food that does not help to recover from diseases and the Mountaineers’ lack of confidence in outsider doctors, like all naive people lead to a lack of resorting to medical assistance except in emergency situations. It must be said that all Mountaineers had trust in the fact that treatment of fever and they report to doctors for treatment. Also vaccination against smallpox among the Mountaineers spreads slowly, but sometimes fails because of poor sanitary conditions and failure to monitor children. Measures were taken to avail trained individuals of a Mountaineer origin to perform smallpox vaccination, and when the doctors prepare assistants for them from the Mountaineer population to carry out smallpox vaccination, their task will be much easier.
c) The agriculture with Mountaineers is in a very low standard and is limited to growing grain without vegetables, and most important types of grain grown by Mountaineers, the millet and the corn as well as limited quantities of wild wheat, oats and barley which are grown in the Karachay area. In the plains, the Mountaineers use traditional plows, while they work in the meadows and mountains, by using a tool similar to the Russian plow and they do not use the tool that smoothen the soil and to cover the planted seeds resulting in damage to damage of seeds and not to grow if the rain did not come down directly after planting. They also do not stack grass in stocked units, but drop out in piles, leading to get rotten, and places of mowing get not suitable for livestock grazing in the autumn.
For this reason and also because the millet, that is considered the basic main food of the Mountaineer population, should always be planted in a virgin land, the Mountaineers grumbled too much due to the few plots of land that is currently distributed to them, although it is not insignificant and amounted to 9-14 acres for each individual.
In the Karachay territories, where suitable land for the cultivation of cereal and to collect grass, the land is treated with care and extreme efforts are made to remove rocks from lawns and fertilize and hoe the poor land as well as construction and care of irrigation canals.
To stop the grievances of the population of the shortage of land and in order to improve the economy of the Mountaineers, it was essential that the districts’ administrations should not miss any opportunity to teach people the benefits of autumn agriculture to take advantage of land that become empty after the harvest of millet, which leads to savings in virgin land and the strength of working animals to reduce the cultivation of millet, and that would provide food for the population in a better way, where in case of failure of spring plantings, they will still have the autumn cultivation that got more stable crops.
The Naghwey who got to know the autumn agriculture before, have increased having these crops, and now it is hardly to find a farm owner who does not have autumn crops. The Abzakh, Shabsough, Temryuk and Bjadogh have realized well, the benefits of autumn cultivation that its area have increased significantly in recent years, where the Bselen and Abza especially Kabardians do not accept this fad, though some Kabardian farms have been returned to autumn grain cultivation. Generally it can be said that these crops will be introduced in all Mountaineers’ farms soon, growing grains will be expanded due to the great benefit that this economical aspect would bring.
Previously the majority of the Mountaineer had considered grain trade as shame, in which good and solid stores were not available for them, so each individual had planted as much as he needs and when he needs more he always requests and gets that from the rich, as they were distributing surplus crops to the needy when the crop growing season is bad or farms were destroyed by the troops. But the high prices of grain during the recent four years had tempted the Bjadogh, Shabsough and Abzakh, as well as the need of liquors’ Labinsk factory for amounts of corn which enabled the director to convince Khodz Kabardians who are residing in the neighborhood to sell corn to him. After liberation of the peasants, the upper classes that supported the practice, which prohibits the sale of grain to the needy, can no longer donate wagons of millet and corn, and that farmers should consider the sale of surplus grain as one important way to pay for liberation fees.
These facts indicate in addition to the reduction of vacant land percentage in the region and the increase of the livestock decease beyond the Kuban, that the cultivation of grain will be running close to first place in the economy of the Mountaineers by required supervision of the local authorities which will lead to improve ethics and to refrain from pastoral life and displacement, especially among the upper Mountaineer classes, which so far earned benefits of living from livestock, which was cared for by peasants and others from the subservient classes.
The government not to worry about the decline in raising livestock in large farms because the contraction of the number of livestock - according to some attempts - will be linked in many cases, with the improvement in quality, other than that, in order to improve some aspects of poor living of the Mountaineer population, it is better to back down in 3 middle districts the raise of livestock, which is now the main trend in the economy to be replaced by grain-growing.
c) When Mountaineers were given the right to choose the place of residency, they always chose to stay in closed areas and difficult to reach as one of the means to achieve their independence from government authority and to maintain the privacy of their traditional life.
These trends that were totally contrary to the objectives of the government drive the government to seek to break this convergence by building communication methods, where new roads and bridges, would not serve the interests of Mountaineers alone, but the Russian population living in the vicinity as well.
For this purpose, it was decided to build the following roads: 1) along Mali Zelenchuk River, 2) from Mali Zelenchuk to the Verkhni Nicolayvski Bridge that is constructed over the Kuban River, 3) from the town of Kluchivaya to the city Yakatrinodar, to the lower side of the Psekups River, 4) from the town of Verkhni Nicolayvskaya to Upper Kuban and then to Karachay, and for the implementation of these projects, it was necessary to take the advantage of all circumstances to convince the population to begin construction of roads and bridges through volunteer work, as it was premature to implement local taxes on the Mountaineer population. The Karachay had built the road from the town of Verkhni Nicolayvskaya to Upper Kuban River with the assistance of the government because more than 4 Fersts of the length of the total road length of 22 Fersts was constructed through rocks, mostly granite, while the construction of 13 and a half Fersts of the remaining distance were constructed in the stony rocks by using gunpowder in most of the places.
As per the rest of the entire roads, the Mountaineers had built them by spending few of the districts’ funds for the purchase of the tools and iron materials, and to hire experts to supervise the work of the population during the construction of bridges in the two districts Zelenchukski and Psekups. The Teberda road and the large bridge over the Psekups River, work had been started with them in the year 1869, and for the bridge built on the wedges over the Bolshoi Zielenchuk which will link between the residents of the Upper villages of the Zelenchukski district with their farms located in the plains between the Urop and Bolshoi Zielenchuk rivers.
Except for the Karachay main road that was constructed under the supervision of an engineer officer, all these works were carried out under the supervision of heads of districts’ with effort of the population who have shown good commitment during their attendance at the workplaces. It is true that many of the elders had complained for the decision to construct roads and build bridges, the following two years did not record any grumbling and even the Mountaineer population themselves is apply for to the leadership requesting the construction of roads and bridges. In the fall of 1869, building a bridge over the Urop River will begin, while the majority of Karachay desire the completion of wagons road to the Upper part of Teberda, to start work on building a road along the Endish River to the upper side of Mara and Koma rivers.
The enthusiasm of Mountaineers to construct the road due to their need to it, as the Karachay for example, do not have roads for wagons, there loads are transported by animals, where annually transport is carried out by animals to distance of tens and even hundreds of Fersts up to 5 thousand tons of purchased grain to the Karachay villages as also be it is transported to the same villages, milk from farms as well as dried herbs, which they are obtained in trade for cheese and yogurt that are available to them due to their large herds and they are transferred through narrow pathways, barely accommodate one mountain horse where they are in need to grass more than the Mountaineer people. Not less important, the significance of roads and bridges that are built in Zelenchuk area because they have shortened the distances between some of the points by 3 to 4 times and enabled the inhabitants to transfer loads across mountains that loaded wagons could not previously access.
Apart from that, the inhabitants of the mountainous Cossack towns have gotten a direct and convenient to the Kuban towns, where the Mountaineers get use little by little to the Russians do not only pass through their villages, but even they stop by to exchange vegetables, fruits and the other agricultural products, with raw materials and Circassian manufactures. What pleases is that with the exception of some theft of livestock from the passers-by, which occur in the plains everywhere when animals are left to graze without restrictions, as in the recent year and a half years not any complaints were recorded from the Russian who passed-by the Mountaineer population.
That if we add to that a large number Mountaineers who need to earn cash, they cash 30 to 50 rubles during the summer period by working daily for the Cossacks during the wed weed and harvest grain and with the separation of state territory from the Cossack territory, disputes will end over land- since they will be guaranteed justice to resolve their disputes with the Russian population through the courts -and so we can expect that the next generation of Mountaineers will maintain good relations with the Cossack population, a common economic life without avoiding them, as it is done now by those who witnessed and participated in the devastating Caucasian war. But the important thing is for the fanatic religious clerics of the Kuban Mountaineer population not to make a rift between the Mountaineers and the Russians. After that, the integration between these two peoples who are currently feuding to be in a single Russian family will be left to the time and to spread education by establishing common schools to launch closer relationship between the growing generations of the Russian and Mountaineers populations since childhood. About the transfer the administration of vacant state land to the conduct of the military popular administration, as well as the functions of the military popular administrations mentioned above, it gazed upon its duties also, economical management of vacant state land and its settlement.
The lands allocated for the Mountaineers housing, which became vacant after the migration of the majority of the Mountaineer population of the Kuban Region, have been transferred under the mandate of the economical administration of the Kuban Forces Staff and under the direct supervision of the local districts and constituencies, at a time that the heights and the territories strip located between Urop, Kuban and Bolshoi Zelenchuk under the supervision of the Commander of the Fifth Division of the Kuban Forces. The empty state land used to be leased for a year to graze and to wed grass and herbs as per the instructions issued by the Caucasus Army Commander, General Prince Orbeliani at the end of the year 1862. In the years 1852, 1863 and 1864 an amount of 19247 rubles, 72 and a half Koubek had been collected.
When it became clear that the villages located between the rivers, Wurop, Kuban and Bolshoi Zelenchuk do not possess enough land, which caused them to exploit the State land in return for fee despite an order issued by His Highness, the Commander of the Army in January of 1865 to increase the share of villages of land, as in the summer of the year 1865 it was decided that It is better to transfer all the State land to be under the authority of the mandate of the present Deputy Commander of the Kuban Region for the Mountaineer population affairs and the previously patron of Mountaineer peoples, and that what was implemented in October of the year 1865. Besides, the direct supervision of the land that was under the disposal of the Commander of the Fifth Division will be divided between the heads of districts of Wuropsky, Zelenchukski and Albroski. The returns of State vacant lands have reached in the year 1865 the amount of 12807 rubles, 5 Koubek, in the year 1866 it was 21243 ruble, 72 Koubek and three-quarters of a Koubek, and in the year 1867, 26764 rubles, 67 Koubek and three-quarters of a Koubek.
Despite the ever-increasing rental returns, and with the change in the amount of vacant land after the distribution of part of it as reward to those who served in the Caucasus, the mentioned fees have become collected only for renting not more than half of the vacant state land for the purposes of grazing and to collect grass and herbs. The reason for the remaining of the land vacant, due to a surplus in the Kuban Region, in addition, the state-owned land was leased for only one year without allowing the plowing except in small areas.
About the Settlement on the Cossack Vacant Lands Due to the influx of people wishing to register in the Kuban Cossacks Army from the internal provinces of the Kuban Region, after the cessation of acceptance among the Cossacks, the Caucasus Command had to search for ways to secure living for them, therefore the decision came to separate part of the State lands for the settlement of various groups arriving from the internal provinces of the empire to register in the Kuban Army provided that those must register under the category of peasants belonging to the government and they will be subjugated to the taxes after the end of the duration of the facilities, like the peasants of Stavropol province, who are belonging to the government. These ideas have received the approval of His Highness, where 7 Russian villages were established in the land allocated for settlements in the years 1866, 1867 and 1868 as well as the 3 German villages that were established in the years 1863 and 1864according to a special resolution from the Army Commander.
The Command has considered that in addition to the settlement of the steppe lands, there is nothing wrong with rehabilitating the highland areas that is higher in quality than those located behind the Upper towns of the Fifth Division, and for this purpose, 20 Greek families have been resettled who immigrated from Stavropol province on the bank of River Oksatsen. To determine the viability of various parts of the heights strip for settlement and to determine the size of funds needed to construct wagons’ roads to the appropriate places for rehabilitation and to the good woods, a committee had been formed in the summer of the year 1868 that was consisted of the heads of the Zelenchukski and Albroski districts with the participation of some Mountaineer individuals as experts who had previously resided in this region. The committee decided to resettle 500 families in the heights strip, and for getting the possibility of transferring good quality timber, suitable for building houses and even the masts from the valley of the Bolshaya Laba River, the committee considered that a road should be constructed of a total length of up to 15 fersts along the valley of the Bolshoi Zelenchuk and to open a crossing from Upper Bekhia River Bkhia to Zaghdan Valley near the Bolshaya Laba.
After clarification of some points of questions on the report prepared by the Commission, His Highness, the Commander of the Army will be informed of the heights strip settlement draft and procedures arranged on the exploitation of forests that will be of great importance at the time of the implementation of the constructing the railroad project.
All of these tasks used to rest with the officials and employees of the districts administrations and the Office of the Deputy Commander of the Kuban Region for the mountaineers’ affairs. Regulations require that the crew of administrations’ management should include in addition to doctors, interpreters and guards, two staff members - the head and his assistant - and three clerks, and the office include 3 staff - the office manager and 2 secretaries - and 6 clerks. The volume of office work, which was accomplished yearly by those in the years 1866, 1867 and 1868 is shown in the attached list, item (k).
Such a large volume of office-work compared with the potential of the administrations’ capabilities and the Office of the Commander of the Region, used to exhaust the mentioned administrations because they were based on the internal administration of the Mountaineer inhabitants and civilians depending on the laws of the empire and some of the rulings of the Army Commanders since General, Prince Vorontsov was the Commander of the Caucasus, at a time it had to operate depending on the military decisions with regard to cadres of mountainous administrations and security forces. So, given the pool of administrative, security, judicial issues, pertaining to state funds in the mountainous districts’ administrations, which the number of their employees was very limited, the administrations had to use the various laws and the orders of the general commanders and the provisions of Islamic law and the customs of the region’s population belonging to different backgrounds. In circumstances like these, there is no way to make things easier, supervising over them, or the distribution of tasks among staff, particularly in the districts’ administrations because the heads of administrations and their deputies get busy from time to time of daily correspondence and officer-work in general to carry out the duties of the heads of the courts or visits to the villages of the districts to conduct investigations or transfer and explain the various resolutions, collect payments, or personally do other work such as census and gathering information in the villages, as well as to oversee the implementation of administrative, security, and various economical procedures, that the most important is mentioned in this report to be precisely implemented and as the government wishes. It showed that there is a lack of management capabilities since the year 1866 when the process of clarifying the essence and ways had ended, that targets to rebuild the social life and the ways of strengthening the economical life of the Mountaineer population in front of the officials and employees of the administrations and the people in general, but the temporary status of managing administrations’’ system, currently in place and did not receive the approval of the High Commissioner until 20, January, 1866, it was not allowed to legally demand the increase of these capabilities, and lack of revenue of mountainous administrations of the Kuban Region compared to expenses of administration, security forces and the existence of expenses of a substantial to conduct a survey of the State land, the screening for the State land, and other measures to regulate the economic terms for the living of the Mountaineers, had prevented disbursement of sufficient funds to increase the administrative capabilities of the administrations other than the amounts spent in different times for the hiring of clerks to work in the departments’ administrations and the Chamber, as well as the approval of hiring two employees in the office of the Deputy Commander of the mandate of the officers who wish to serve in the Military/Popular districts to be made ready to fill the expected vacancies deemed to open and to promote the staff of the chamber, that took the duty of illustrating all administrative matters and to issue instructions to the appointed executives who are often from the officers as well.
Although this small increase in the cadres of the military/popular administrations did not conform with the number of difficult and important issues that have accumulated in these administrations, but the staff awareness of their duties and the importance of their work, which was expected to be sited at the basis of all actions taken by the government would later take to strengthen the conviction among the Mountaineer population to strictly abide by the full laws as well as planting and the development of feelings of loyalty to His Majesty the Emperor on the generosity of the government and its interest in organizing and improving their living, the administrations remained working well. In addition to that, the kind attention of His Highness the Commander of the Army in the successes, has enhanced the staff belonging to work and for the interests of the Mountaineer population that many of whom have been ascertained of the good intentions of the government towards the mountaineers and started working for the interest of the government. The position of those inhabitants prone to the government and to enhance the Mountaineers’ confidence and their willingness to support the work of the government is of top priorities at the present time and in the future, otherwise and depending on the intolerance of the Mountaineers and their affiliation of the history of ancestors, then the hostile elements of the system will triumph, which the adoption of the rules in the mountaineers’ society had taken efforts and a cost of expensive sacrifices.
Document 361 In the year 1866. - Summary of the situation in Kabardinski district in the year 1866.
The Kabardinski District includes the inhabitants of Greater Kabarda and the concentrations of the Mountaineer inhabitants, as well as military Nalchik town, the German settlement, Alexandrovskaya, and the Jewish fort.
Greater Kabarda is divided by Chilochki River into two sections - Packsanski and Chirikski, in which the first one is settled by the two families of Atajokin and Mesostov, and the second one is settled by the two families of Bakmorzin and Kaytokin.
The Mountaineer tribes living in the valleys are divided in to 5 small groups that are: the Balkar, Khulam, Bezingy, Chegem and Urusb, in which the first three of them belong to the Cherkisky administration sector and the other two belong to Baksanski administration sector.
In Greater Kabarda there is 92 villages with a population of 34 850 people of both sexes, while the Mountaineer population communities 7 villages with a population of 11685 people of both sexes.
Kabarday society is divided into two classes - the nobles and the public, as the nobles have the following titles: 1) Bche (Prince), 2) Teleqotlish_ (first class noble citizen), 3) Wurq (second class noble citizen), 4) Minor Wurq (third class noble citizen). The public also are divided to free and serfs, while the free public are two types those who were liberated from slavery and those who were free from the outset.
The serfs are 3 categories.
Likewise the mountaineers are classified to the nobles and the public, in which the nobles are called (Taubi) and public (Karakich), including free and serfs.
The population of the town of Nalchik between the military and civilians, including members of the troops stationed there, consisting of one infantry battalion and Artillery Company and the Supplies headquarters a total of 1738 people of both sexes.
The German Alexandrovskaya Settlement contains the settlers arriving from Saratov, who were settled near Nalchik and the Commanding General had ordered last year to be transferred under the administration of Stavropol area of State property with offering them housing, giving them the rights and to be subjected to taxation. There are 34 families in the settlement and each family owns 35 acres of land belonging to the fortress of Nalchik with a population of 234 persons of both sexes.
The population of the Jewish fort consists of 410 persons of both sexes. In the year 1860, 361 families (approximately 6 thousand people) had left Greater Kabarda to Turkey, while 163 families (approximately 3 thousand people) have left in the current year. In the year 1860, after separating Babukov Cossacks from the Cossacks category, they were allowed to move to Kabarda with the consent of villages’ owners, and at the present time, 172 Babukov families out of 248 who reside in Kabarda, where 67 families had remained in their places of residence in preparation for migration to Turkey. So far, 45 families have been deported to Turkey, while the rest will be deported to Kabarda. The main industry of the Kabardians is livestock, as they from let go their cattle from April to mid-July of each year to Zulk River, then they transfer their cattle to the mountains for grazing until the end of August, and in September they return again to Zulk. In Nalchik, there is a school to teach the noble Kabardian children, where school includes the following: Supervisors 7 Pupils 25 At the expense of Kabarday funds 25 The total expenditure of the school 5516 Silver Rubles The number of teachers in addition to the supervisor according to the list 5 Number of pupils: Learners according to free attendance at the expense of Kabarday. ---Teachers who have already available
Document 362
Administration UrupskyData on - In the year 1866. from North East, with the territory of the Fifth Division Borders The Kuban riverfrom the South West with the territory of the Sixth Division from the South and the east side.-territory of the Zelenchukski Administration from the South nt Population Location of Serial Name of town, settlemetown, settlement or number or village of both sexesvillage Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 1. The town of Armavir 1817 1753 On the mouth of Urop River 2. Qublanovski village 346 307 founded on the River Kuban
(Adel Gheryevski) 3. Volney 382 294 4. Konukovski 485 440 5. Kurgonovski 331 284 6. Baramorlinski 33 275 7. Morzai - Colonel Adik Abdolov 18 13 8. Morzai to Major Mamaev 8 11 9. Greek Fort (Khadlsehabl) 122 103 On the left bank of the Kuban River Kuban 10. Dembaytuk Village 25 36 11. Sgt Bedesov 62 63 12. Sultan Khan Gheri or Sultan 30 29
Adel Gheri 13. Libertedl serfs of the Armenian 167 131
village who resided in the Ural 14. Bogoselfskoya Village 643 557 On the left bank of the Kuban River, opposite the town of Porsokovskaya 15. Osbenskoya Village 554 491 In the Wurobsky Administration 16. Kubanskoya 289 248 Opposite of the town of Brochnukubskaya opposite on the left bank 17. Novomikhailovskaya 601 533 Opposite Gregorio- Boleskaya town on the left bank of the Kuban River On the left Simonoveskaya Settlement 256 210 18. an bank of the KubRriver between the towns kaya and Ladoveskaya Teflis
Document 363
Administration Data from Zielenchukski - In the year 1866. Located on the left bank of the Kuban River between Mount Jengur to the town Verkhny Nicolayveskia to the borders of the district of Wurobski, near the village of Evanoveskaya between the territories of the Third, Fourth and Fifth Divisions ossacks forces.of the Kuban C Serial number Name of town, settlement Population of both Location of town, village sexes or settlement
Male Female 1 2 3 4 5 1. Lowov 693 572 On the left bank of the Kuban River 2. Togabov 241 208 3. Akhluv 72 67 4. Dodarokov 487 437 5. Wurakov 119 93 6. Khakhundokov 400 363 Located on the banks of Mali Zelenchuk River 7. Anlsekerov 197 177 8. Kasayev 381 347 9. Lowov 500 447 10. Peardov 337 344 11. Atajokhin with Patachyev 702 670 12. Klecthyev 357 337 13. Abatov 183 150 14. Kodinetyov 112 93 On the banks of Mali Zelenchuk River 15. Akhlo Akhlov 10 896 16. Balteski 109 120 17. Agepokov 178 156 18. Takhtameshivski 647 577 19. Shabakh Mamserov 174 120
20. Bedrak Mamserov 281 270 21. Burslanov 179 153 252 233 Jambut Tazartokov 22. 23. Dokshokov 236 228 24. Shagyrevski 246 195 25. Kovenski 440 377 Menonist Tavria 156 150 On the left 26. bank of the River iver opposite Kuban Belomitcheskaya town on the Kazma River Towns of settlers arriving 119 103 27. from Rogdistvensk, Saratov, and Samara
Document 364
the Adminstration of LabinskyData on - In the year 1866. Borders with the left bank of Kuban River from the North, Laba River from the regiments of rdand 23 ndEast, the territory of the Cossack towns attached to the 22uth in the Kuban the Kuban Cossack from the South, and Belaya River until its moRiver from the West.
Serial number Name of the village Population of both sexes Location of the village Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 1. Pinnokski 1144 1097 On Petoko River
2. Khodzski 3180 2862 On Khodz River 3. Natirbovski 589 563 On Laba River 4. Hajimokovski 1141 875 OnFores River 5. Wunarokovski 336 272 On Chikhrak River 6. Hachmezyevski 167 138 On Fores River 7. Geroqayvski 252 254 -----//----- 8. Yegorokayvski 519 409 On Laba River 9. Mamkhegovski 390 339 On Fores River 10. Hakoryenovski 623 454 -----//----- 11. For Asalanbek Solotokov 1453 1264 -----//----- 12. For Aytak Solotokov 311 243 On Gyag River 13. Hatokayvski 222 191 On Laba River 14. Adamyevski 221 178 On Belaya River 15. Badachihabl 504 417 -----//----- 16. Jankitovski 238 180 -----//----- Total: 11300 9735 Total number: 21 035
Document 365
In the year 1866. - Data from the Psekups District Located on the left bank of the Kuban River between the bottom of Bshesh and Afips Rivers
Serial Number Name of the village Population of both sexes Location of village Male Female 1 2 3 4 5 1. Gopokai 526 502 On the left bank Bshesh River 2. Kontchokohabl 258 247 -----//----- 3. Edigokai 2 281 265 4. Edigokai 1 236 230 5. Shabanohabl 270 257 6. Tlaustnahabl 299 257 7. Kazet 118 119 8. Bjghukai 459 507 9. Afips 196 158 10. Hachtuk 222 184 11. Psetuk 100 14 12. Kwanukai 277 240 On the right bank of Psekups - River 13. Shgankiri Habl 77 80 14. Lakushukai 377 351 15. Wchibshi 437 488 On the left bank of Psekups - River 16. Nachukai 1. 159 140 On the right bank of the Pichas - River
17. Nachukai 2, 182 134 18. Bsheqoyhabl 168 156 On the left bank of Marta River 19. Natcherzi 119 103 20. Asaqolai 554 543 21. Tawi 150 167 On the left bank of Marta river 22. Jijihabl 250 268 23. Bnajiqwai 418 528 On the left bank of Pichas River 24. Bitchihatloqai 480 557 25. Zetloqai 516 503 On the left bank of Dish River 26. Shinji 435 440 On the left bank of Chepe River 27. Takhtmiqwai 241 230 On the left bank of Sobeh River 28. Togurgui 170 144 Between the Rivers of Psekups - and Chepe 29. Toghuzmai 66 44 30. Sijukai 68 57 31. Khemazi 87 31 32. Psepadekh 58 36 Total: 8247 8040 Total number: 16 287 Document 366 In 29, March, 1867. – The report of the Director of General Administration of the Vice Deputy of the Caucasus Region, Baron Nikolai, to the Deputy of the Caucasus Region on the question of rehabilitation of the north-eastern shore with Armenian and Greek settlers, coming from Turkey. Your Highness has already ordered me to look into the Special Committee in the question of rehabilitation of the north-eastern shore of the Black Sea between the Bzyb and Tuapse rivers, the search was carried out depending on the report of the formed committee last year to explore the recently occupied area by General Muravyov. This report shows that all the area between the rivers mentioned, between the seashore and the main mountainous chain line which is an area of 457 491 acres including 302 902 acres are forests, 81 370 acres farms and orchards, and 41 805 acres as pasture, while the rest which is an area of 31414 acres does not fit for civilized construction.
In terms of agriculture, this area covered with mountains as well as narrow and deep gaps constitute two significantly different strips, one is a high mountainous area that is fit to grow grain and raise mountainous livestock only, while the other is the coastal one with tropical nature with warm and humid climate that is suitable for horticulture, wine industry, silk, tobacco ... etc. . Of these described areas suitable for exploitation and they are about 80 thousand acres, the mountainous strip occupies 23 thousand acres and the coastal strip occupies 57 thousand acres.
Based on what can be established of economical efforts in these two strips, the Committee considered to distribute the amount of 30 acres for each house in the mountainous strip and 15 acres for each house in the coastal strip, and according to that, settlement can be performed as follows:
In the region between the two rivers: 1) Bzyb and Zimzimta - 400 families 2) Mazimta and Sochi - 866 families 3) Sochi and Shackheh - 1000 families 4) Shackheh and Acheh - 665 families 5) Acheh and Tuapse - 445 families Total: 3376 Families Then, after a detailed examination of the region, the committee was ascertained the lack of the entire explored area to flat and wide places due to the availability of many narrow valleys, so they could serve to establish estates, more than any other purpose.
Also, the committee believes that when settling 3376 families that are established to settle in these areas, there should be 2659 families settle in estates and 717 other families to settle in villages or settlements.
As for the nations that will be resettled in this region, the committee says: "It is no doubt that politically speaking, the government prefers to see in this maritime area inhabitants of the Russian ethnicity to a great respect to create some sort of extension of the Russian population of the Kuban Region, however, a previous similar experience in the resettlement of Russians between Novorossiysk and Tuapse has failed in economic terms. Therefore, the Committee believes that when resettling this area, it must be relied on those mountainous tribes which, beside they follow the Christianity faith, they were loyal to the government like the indigenous Russian people, such as, in the opinion of the committee, the Greek and Armenian groups coming from Turkey, the Germans coming from mountainous areas of southern Germany and finally the Christian groups of Imirettia, Guria and Ratchi and Lichghom, and the Russian inhabitants must form an absolute minority , and they should be resettled only in those areas that their natural conditions fit to some extent with their lifestyles and previous economical practices…”
Initially, resettlement should be limited to the coastal strip by settling those who come from Kotys province of population of the mountains as well as Armenians and Greeks coming from the Central Asian region in a number that is not more than 700 families in addition to 200 families for soldiers, members of two infantry battalions centered in the region and 100 families of various immigrants coming voluntarily from southern Russia, who have made requests to the Commander of the Chirnomorski District for their residency in this region, bringing the number to 1000 families in which the required number will be completed for resettlement this year.
According to the Command decision that the source of settlement expenditure of the funds received from the sale of vacant state land to individuals, the Committee intends to announce directly in the report on the sale of the following plots of land:
No. 1 Valley of River Dederukai 800 Desattina No. 2 Valley of River Shipsey 2000 ---//--- No. 3 Beogidaninoya Valley of 1000 ---//--- No. 4 Psychwag Valley 2000 ---//--- No. 5 Godleyk Valley 700 ---//--- No. 6 River Valley Chokhok 1200 ---//--- No. 7 Valley of River Chmitoquaja 2500 ---//--- No. 8 Valley of River Agora 1500 ---//--- Total: 11700 acres Although it is currently difficult to determine the price of a acres of land in all areas, the Committee considers that the rate of 10 rubles for one acres will be priced close to reality. As for the pieces of fertile land which will remain vacant at the beginning or not intended for settlement and are not within the pieces on display for sale can be distributed to persons who desire to grow grapes, mulberry trees and others, according to the applicable laws to the area beyond the Kuban (Article 146 of the regulations of farms, issued in the year 1857). With regard to the lots of land allocated to the royal family, the Vardanay area and Daghomis Valley, the committee intends to sort them out for the local administration not to face difficulties when the settlers reside and during the division process of land plots allocated to them. Signed by the Viceroy His Excellency the Prince through a decree that says: I agree, let work start for immediate implementation.
Document 367
In 16, June, 1866. - Brief data about Psekopski District
Located on the left bank of the Kuban River between the lower side of the rivers of Pshish and Afipsa
Serial Number Name of village Population of both sexes Village Location Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 1. Ghopokai 526 502 On the left bank of - Bshesh River 2. Kontchokohabl 258 247 -----//----- 3. Idijukai 2 281 265 4. Idijukai 1 236 230 5. Shabanouhabl 270 257 6. Tlawstenhabl 299 257 7. Kazet 118 119 8. Bjeghukai 459 507 9. Aphibs 196 158 10. Hashtuk 222 184 11. Bseytuk 100 14 12. Konukai 277 240 On the right bank of - Psekups River 13. Shagankiri Habl 77 80 14. Lakshukai 377 351 15. Wechipshi 437 488 On the left bank of
- Psekups River 16. Nachukai 1 159 140 On the right bank of - Pchas River 17. Nachukai 2 182 134 18. Psheqoyhabl 168 156 On the left bank of - Marta River 19. Natcherzi 119 103 20. Asaqolai 554 543
21. Tawi 150 167 On the left bank of - Marta River
22. Jajiahabl 250 268 23. Benajiqwai 418 528 On the left bank of - Pchas River 24. Betshehatloqai 480 557 25. Zatloqai 516 503 On the left bank of - Desh River
26. Shenji 435 440 On the left bank of - Chibsi River
27. Takhtmiqwai 241 230 On the left bank of - Su River
28. Toghurghoy 170 144 Between Psekups - & Chibsi Rivers 29. Toghuzmai 66 44 30. Sijukai 68 57 31. Khemazi 87 31 32. Psebadekh 58 36 Total: 8247 8040 Total number: 16287
Document 368 In 16, June, 1866. - Brief data by Labenski District Borders the left bank of the Kuban River to the north, the Laba River from the east, the territory of the Cossack towns that belong to the Regiments 22 and 23 of the Kuban Cossack Army from the South, and with the Belaya River until its mouth in the Kuban River from the west.
Serial Name of the Village Population of both Genders Location of the
Number Male Female Village 1 2 3 4 5
1. Penokski 1144 1097 On Betoko River 2. Khodzski 3180 2862 On Khodz River 3. Natirbovski 589 563 On Laba River 4. Hajimokovski 1141 875 On Fors River 5. Narokovski 336 272 On Chikrak River 6. Hachmzyevski 167 138 On Fors River 7. Geroqayvski 252 254 -----//----- 8. Yogorkayvski 519 409 On Laba River 9. Mamkhegovski 390 339 On Fors River 10. Hakorinovski 623 454 -----//----- ??11. L Asalanbek Solotokov 1453 1264 -----//----- ??12. L Aytak Solotokov 311 243 On Ghyab River 13. Hatokayvski 222 191 On Laba River 14. Adamyevski 221 178 On Belaya River 15. Bdashihabl 504 417 -----//----- 16. Jankitovski 238 180 -----//----- Total: 11300 9735 GrandTotal: 21 035
Document 369 In 16, June, 1866. – Brief data by Worobski District
Borders the Kuban River from the North East side, with the territories of the Fifth Division from the south, the territories of the Sixth Division from the South West, and the territories of the Zelenchukski from the South East side.
Serial Name of the Town, Settlement Population of both Genders Location of Town, Village Number or Village or Settlement Male Female 1 2 3 4 5
1. The town of Armavir 1817 1753 On Urop River mouth 2. Qublanowski Village 346 307 Built on River Kuban
(Adel Ghebryevski) 3. Volney 382 294 4. Konokovski 485 440 5. Korghonovski 331 284 6. Baramorlenski 33 275 7. Morzi for Colonel Adik Abdulov 18 13 8. Morzai for Major Mamayev 8 11 9. The Greek Fortress 122 103 On the left bank of the
Khadlesihabl Kuban River 10. Dembaytuk Village 25 36 11. Sgt Pedesov 62 63 12. Sultan Khan Gheri or Sultan 30 29
Adil ‘ Gheri
13. Liberated of serfdom from the 167 131
Armenian village who resided
in the Ural 14. Boghosolvskoya Village 643 557 On the left bank of the - - Kuban River opposite - Porsokovskaya town 15. Osbenskoya Village 554 491 In Worobski District 16. Kubanskoya 289 248 Opposite the town of - Brochnokobskaya on - the left bank 17. Novomikhailovskaya 601 533 Opposite the town of - Gregorio Poleskaya - on the left bank of the - Kuban River 18. Semonoveskaya Settlement 256 210 On the left bank of the - Kuban River between - - the towns of - Tefliskaya and - Ladoveskaya
Document 370
In 20, September, 1867. – Of the message from the Commander in Chief of the Caucasus Army to the Ambassador to Turkey about refusing to cooperate with the Turkish government about the continued migration of the Abkhaz and Abzakh to Turkey. ... No longer the military considerations that led me in the year 1853 and made me not to mind the migration of Mountaineers; but even encourage the intolerance that led all the inhabitants of the shores of the Black Sea to the mass migration is now no longer affect my position on this issue.
If ending the war Caucasian War in the year 1863 due to the possible formation of a European alliance, a matter of urgency and clear to all that is unavoidable, as now, the necessity of development and the organization in administration field of the region as soon as possible dictate that I mind the continuing migration of Muslims of the Caucasus who have started to get used to our administrative system, and it is expected that they become diligent citizens in the future…
Document 371 The year 1867 - Declaration by the General Administration of the Vice Caucasus Region for those wishing to emigrate to the Chernomorski District. With the occupation of the Caucasus in final status, the government has owned a great and wealthy country that is located in the Southwestern slope of the Caucasus Mountains range on the shore of the Black Sea, therefore, the Chernomorski District has formed in this region.
More than three years have passed since the occupation of this country, in which the government sought to explore in details to find out what can be exploited for, and which kind of population could be settled in, and what is the economy, which will be suitable for its development.
Furthermore, we had to eliminate the last traces of the enemy hiding in the mountains, which, despite its small numbers it used to form a threat to the practice of agriculture in peaceful conditions.
Presently, and after implementing all that, the Settlement Law for the Chernomorski District will be published on the 10th of March, 1866.
According to this law, all those who wish to reside in the Chernmorski District will get different facilities so as to enable new settlers to establish a strong economy and to benefit from the product of their work to improve their lives. The list of these facilities emerged in paragraphs 30-37 of the mentioned law.
There is no doubt that the country's natural resources and facilities provided to new settlers will help to attract a large number of the population of different regions of Russia for the settling in the region, and to let all those who wish to settle in this territory, all what they will encounter and must elaborate on the country's economical potentials and professions that can succeed settlers.
The Chernomorski District is located- as noted earlier - along the sea shoreline which is a mountainous area rich in deep valleys and mountainous rivers flowing into the sea.
At sea beach, rivers form before it reaches the sea swamps where there is a lot of spread of fever, but this disease cannot be considered associated with this region since new inhabitants can overcome if they have exerted efforts to do so.
Near the area at the beach, it grants the opportunity for the development of fish production and navigation, which will return a good income for the settlers.
The climate could have been hot in the absence of the sea, which supplies coolness, while winter will be mild, so those plants that their cultivation in the interior provinces either impossible or require tremendous work and effort, such as grapes, berries, walnut, and many other types of fruit-trees. Apart from that, the Circassians, who lived in this area in the past and emigrated, have left behind a large number of orchards that contained grafted fruit trees, and it is enough for settlers to make little effort to take care of in order to get abundant crops and fruits. Tobacco growing here of an excellent kind that is no less excellent quality of Turkish tobacco that is sold in the Russian interior provinces at a high price.
These places are great for beekeeping and this profession was often spread much with the Circassians.
This is a brief description of the natural resources enjoyed by the Chernomorski District.
There are no wide and flat fields suitable for the cultivation of grain here, and it is possible to grow wheat, corn and millet only in the small meadows mostly for the purposes of self-consumption and not for sale. Also there is no enough food for livestock here either, it is clear that if anyone wanted to move to this area without intending to abandon the plow, expecting large profits from the practice of agriculture, it might lead him to impoverishment, not enrichment regardless if all the facilities and supports provided by the Treasury were great. Here managing the economy should be quite different than in internal Russia, where it must use
manual labor by hand and using pickaxe, hoe and axe instead of the plow and anti-aliasing. In order for the work to succeed in the new place it is required to that people who turn out must adore such works that fit this region. Briefly, whoever has the desire to work in horticulture and grapes-growing, beekeeping, silk industry, and the cultivation of tobacco and vegetables, will find in the new area a wide range for him...
As for those who will be entitled to settle in Chernomorski District and what the rules that settlers must abide by are, all that is stated in paragraphs 10-18 of the Settlement of this area planned for 10, March, 1866.
Document 372
In 16, December, 1867. - A declaration of the Caucasus Military District on the adoption of the Act of Chernomorski District and to grant the retired soldiers plots of land for permanent possession with the right of inheritance. His Majesty the Emperor has honored me in his high concern of the glorious forces of the Caucasus army, for mandating me the task of distribution of land plots in the occupied territories on the grounds of the general principles of permanent ownership with the right of inheritance to those soldiers who wish to permanently reside among the inhabitants of the Caucasus after their retirement.
The Minister of War had asked me earlier in his letter No. 237 of 27, July, 1864, when I was notified of this High decision concerning the Caucasus Army to tell him about the grounds on which I see suitable for the settlement of the soldiers in the Kuban Region, and the decision-making in this regard has been postponed until the passage of the law of Chernomorski District, and was in 10, March, 1866.
Based on this law, that accordingly, the soldiers will have the right as well as other individuals from free social classes, the residency in the area between the Tuapse and Pseb rivers and until the tops of Caucasus mountains chain, with providing the same rights and facilities given to all other settlers, I informed the Minister of War that I do not see a need to establish special foundations for soldiers residency in Kuban Region , but their residence must be in accordance with the provisions of the laws of Chernomorski District among the Cossack population in the southern slope of a mountain range Caucasus main site Battalion Hapsogski beach as well as in the northern slope of the main Caucasus mountains chain in the Coastal Shabsoughki Battalion location, as well as in the northern slope where possible as from the viewpoint of the commander of the Kuban Region Forces to be according to a special resolution from me in every time, but without the harassment of the local population ...
I hereby announce the High decision which I have been informed about through the War Minister’s message No. 10486 of 9, October, of the current year for the Caucasus Army Forces and for its implementation.
Signed by the Commander in Chief of the Caucasus Army, General Mikhail.
Document 373
In 28, December, 1869. - A letter from the Caucasus Military Headquarters to the Director of
Administration of the Vice-Caucasus Region on the condition of the prisoners of the Mountaineers who were transferred for custody. After ending the war in the west Caucasus and in view of the extreme poverty of prisoners of war and others of Mountaineers who have declared their surrender, His Highness the Commander-in-Chief issued a decision to transfer those resident Mountaineers to the families that wish to employ or take care of them provided that these families provide written pledges on the terms of the acceptance of those persons for care or employment. That decision meant that all the Mountaineer individuals mentioned are considered free and their stay at their friends for work was based on an amicable agreement and therefore, the disputes that can occur between employers and employees must be considered as violations for contracts in general. For this purpose special rules have to ensure the personal freedom and happiness for the Mountaineer individuals who have applied to work or to receive care, these rules have been approved by His Highness the Commander in Chief in his letter to the Commander of the Kuban Region Forces No. 30 dated 12/13, January, 1864, where it recognized as acknowledged that the two agreement parties get a copy of the contract to know both contract sides, what are the obligations of the two parties, the text of the contract appeared in paragraph 8 of the listed rules and a copy is attached with this letter. As for some individuals staying with families for care such as the elderly or young people, the report of former Chief of Staff to the Commander of the Kuban Region Forces No. 1612 dated 11, August, 1864, give them certificates also to certify the adult prisoners of war have the right to leave their patrons to move to other people or to manage their affairs in a different manner, noting that the male individuals can not benefit from this right except after they reach the legal age, and the females after they reach the eighteenth year of age or marriage; the patrons may not violate this rule. Now, the Deputy Commander of the Kuban Region on the affairs of the Mountaineer inhabitants, that due to the extremely quick method of distributing the Mountaineers after the end of the war in the west of the Caucasus, and the goal wass to make them manage their status in any way to prevent them from hunger and scourge that have suffered of during the years 1863-1864, where the commanders of divisions and other military units have distributed many of them for work and care without taking into account the mentioned rules, so there are a large number of distributed Mountaineers do not have any information about them, so because this situation may cause them to face difficulties and more importantly, that the situation prevents the leadership of the Kuban Region to meet the legal demands made by the Mountaineers of collecting their separated families, in which His Highness, the Commander in Chief has ordered me to request from your Excellency to issue instructions to the central and local authorities that the Mountaineer prisoners distributed to various persons may be within their areas of influence to circulate what is stated in the above rules to all adult Mountaineer individuals and associated with their patrons through work relations to advise them of their rights mentioned in the rules and to inform others who are not adults yet, that they have the right to leave their patrons after reaching the legal age to arrange their conditions as they wish, in addition to bind the central and local authorities to send copies of signed contracts between employers and employees or the parish of Mountaineer prisoners of war to the Mountainous Caucasian Administration to enable depending on that to access information on the whereabouts of those Mountaineers and to facilitate the searchabout them to the prisoners’’ relatives.
Document 374
Extension of the document
Rules Based on this, captive Mountaineer families will be transferred to work with local landlords, or other persons Paragraph 1 To enable the captive Mountaineer families of simple classes to settle down in this region and to get out of poverty, all local landlords and other persons are allowed for all the local landlords and other persons to employ those families with them to do household chores and agricultural, according to the following conditions. Paragraph 2 The person who obtained a Mountaineer family to offers to all its members, decent clothes and enough food to an amount commensurate with the level of ordinary local people. Paragraph 3 These families will be employed for a period not to exceed 5 years, and the employer will be committed to take care of the obtained family throughout this period as stated in the preceding paragraph. Paragraph 4 The members of the employed families in this way for a certain period, free people to have a temporary contract with the landlords that they will reside at, and will carry out all works assigned to them by the employers as described below. All disputes that occur between the mentioned family members and the employers will be the considered contrary to the terms of the contract and will be subject to legal action. Paragraph 5 During the period of presence with the local landlords or other persons for the duration of 5 years, the mentioned captive families are committed in exchange for sponsorship and support of living that will receive after the elapse of this period to do all the household chores and agricultural works that will be assigned to do be the landlords to work 4 days a week with the right to work for their own interests in 3 remaining days including Friday that equals Sunday for us. Paragraph 6 After the elapse of the period of 5 years of compulsory labor, the landlord must should give each family a pair of oxen with a cart, a pair of cows, 4 female sheep and one male as a reward for the compulsory works performed, in order to secure their livelihood in the future and to be able to arrange their status and to settle in this region. Paragraph 7 After reaching the final settlement with the owners in the context of the preceding paragraph, every family is entitled to choose a place for residency at its sole discretion among the subjects of the Russian state. Paragraph 8 All owners who wish to take a family of the Mountaineers for working to them should consult the Abadzekhi Acting Administration Chief, Colonel Abdrahmoanov who is in charge of issuing certificates that a certain family is given to a certain individual for a certain mandatory time according to these rules. Certificates are issued in two copies, one of them will be delivered to the owner and the other for the oldest member of the family and it is considered an official document in the event of disputes as well as an additional copy to be placed in the administration’s file.
Document 375
In 28, June, 1868. - Report of the Commander of Svastopol No. 45 Infantry Regiment to the Commander of the Kuban Region Forces on rewarding 18 members of the regiment for participating in the elimination of the Khodz uprising with the attachment of 3 lists (the headquarters of the regiment in Psebai.
I present to Your Excellency certificates of appreciation in which each one of them consists of two copies in the name of 6 officers and 12 soldiers of the regiment that I am assigned to, in addition to two lists of the recognition of rewards for each one of them for the achievement, which they have achieved on 26, April of this year when restoration of stability was accomplished in Khodz villages. Commander of the Regiment, Colonel (Signed) Acting Assistant Officer (Signed)
Document 376
In 25, November, 1870 - Report of the Director of General Administration of the Vice Caucasus Region, Nikolai about the Mountaineer population - the hakuchey and others - remaining in the Chernomorski District and 75 families came out of the mountains and settled in the towns of Cossacks. In the period between the years1864 and 1869 during the establishment of the settlements in the southern slope of the Caucasus mountains range between Novorossiysk and Mzymta, 75 Mountaineer families were voluntarily housed came voluntarily out of the mountains in the towns of Cossacks and attached locations to the infantry battalions. At the same time the mentioned places, especially their northern part of them were witnessing robbery, looting and theft crimes, in which charges were directed to non-loyal Mountaineer inhabitants, known as the fleeing hakuchey, Hajoleenand, Shabsough etc., or the fleeing individuals from the residents of the mountainous districts’ villages of the Kuban Region.
To reduce these incidents and for the political considerations in case a war commences with Turkey, the commander of the Kuban Region was intending to deport all the Mountaineers living in Chernomorski District to the mountainous districts of the Kuban Region, but this attempt did not culminate in success because the majority of the population have refused to change their places of residence at a time several families had moved to the two districts of Psekups and Labenski, However, they returned from there again, and some of them had fled to the mountains, then in the year 1869, the Commander of Chirnomorski District that it is not possible to deport the mentioned Mountaineer Residents to Kuban Region, without taking compulsory measures and reinforce the stationed troops stationed in the area , and in his opinion no need to deport the Mountaineer population to calm the situation in district, but it is sufficient to gather those people in three villages in the same district with enforcing active pursuit.
Because of these disputes, the Commander in Chief, had deputized General Jimargidze to collect all the information in place of the event to find out whether the deportation of the Mountaineer population from Chirnomorski District is necessary or not, and if it was necessary, what are the needed actions to be taken to achieve that with minimum losses.
Accordingly, General Jimargidze has viewed to His Highness in his detailed report, issued in 29, July, his ideas related to his assigned task.
He noted in his report the following points: a) To keep all of the Mountaineer inhabitants who remained in the towns, but temporarily within the positions in the battalions in the southern slope and to gather them in 3 separate villages in the area of Chernomorski District in locations chosen by the Commander of the Chernomorski District.
b) To allow the homeless of their tribes people to leave the mountains until a specific dead-line, but not for the fugitives from the districts of the Kuban Region.
c) The inclusion of these inhabitants to the settlers when villages are established, and to include them in the terms of settling Chernomorski District with some modifications that may be deemed required at the request of local authorities. d) To allow the entire Mountaineer population opponents of the resolution intended to be taken against them to move to the Kuban villages with preventing them to return from there to the southern slope forever.
His Highness the Vice has commented on General Jimargidze report as follows: "I fully agree with the conclusions of this report. To be transferred for study and application."
Accordingly, the Department of General Administration has asked the Commander of the Chernomorski District the following information: Until when it will be allowed for the Mountaineers to get out of the mountains to the southern slope and the southern slope to the villages of Kuban with preventing them from returning, and to what degree and how settlement rules of Chernomorski District can be applied against those settlers. As the demand was directed on the first issue also to the Commander the Kuban Region.
In response to these queries, the Commander of the Chernomorski District on the 15th of this month has stated that the homeless Mountaineer population in the upper non-populated areas of the district, must be allowed to leave the mountains voluntarily and reside in the district within four months of the Declaration of this resolution, General Bilenko sees that this can be done next December and the first of May, 1871 will be a deadline, and the local authorities will treat all Mountaineers who did not leave voluntarily until that time as homeless, and will be deported from the territory of the district in accordance with an administrative order. This procedure will also will include fleeing Mountaineers from Kuban Region who roam around the Chernomorski District, and after first of May, 1871, in the case of arrest, they will be dealt with in accordance with the law. The mountaineer population remaining in the district for permanent residency, the supreme decision issued in 10, March, 1866, will be applied to them without change.
In conclusion, General's request Bilenko has requested to expedite the resolution of this issue, so that while returning from Tbilisi, he will inform the mountaineer population personally the decision of the High Command and the issuance of instructions for its publication in the mountains between savage and fleeing individuals.
The letter that was received in 22, October, 1870, from the Commander of Kuban Region says, due to the decision of keeping the Hakotch residing in the settlements of Chernomorski District in their places forever, general Tsakni proposes the transfer of some hakuchey individuals and families to the mountainous districts a dangerous matter because the deportation can include poor and annoying people, so it is generally best to keep all the hakuchey in one area where all their relatives are.
Based on what was mentioned in this report and the decision of His Highnes the Prince, the Vice of the area, the district considers to perform the following actions: 1. Keep the entire Mountaineer population permanent settlers, as well as those residing temporarily among the infantry battalions in the southern slope and to reside in three separate villages in Chernomorski District area in locations chosen by the Commander of Chernomorski District with annexation to the settlements the Black Sea shores and to be incorporated with the instructions contained in the law of settlement and administration of Chernomorski District determined in the year 1866, for the law to include as well, the Mountaineer individuals fleeing from Kuban Region, who are now vagrants throughout Chernomorski District.
2. To allow all Mountaineer vagrant individuals now in non-inhabited places in the upper areas of Chernomorski District referred to in item 1, to get out of it and stay in Chernomorski District within four months of the declaration of this resolution, which is until first of May, 1871, provided that the Commander of Chernomorski District would circulate the resolution in December, 1870.
3. After first of May, 1871, all Mountaineer inhabitants who remained vagrants, and did not come out voluntarily as per the law, they will be barred from residency.
Document # 377 In 9, September, 1872. - Letter from the Commander of the Kuban Region to the Department of Public Administration to the Viceroy of the Caucasus Region about the determination of the entire Mountaineer population to emigrate to Turkey and the rightness of their departure.
In response to the letter number 5430 issued in 22, July, which I was informed through of the decisions of the Commanding General relied upon by the Commandment of the Kuban Region at the time of deportation of the Mountaineer residents to Turkey for permanent residency during the period between the years1865 and 1871, I have the honor to inform you that while migration of the Mountaineers to Turkey for permanent residency until the year 1867, there were no specific laws in this regard, although local authorities have prevented the migration of Mountaineers by all means, and did not allow it except in some extreme cases. In the year 1867, His Highness the Prince, the Viceroy of the Caucasus Region during his visit to the Kuban Region he personally informed the Mountaineer population that migration to Turkey should be stopped permanently, and then I sent to the Commander of the Region a copy of the letter of His Highness to the Ambassador in Constantinople, issued in 20, September under N. 242 on the need to prevent migration of Muslims of the Caucasus to Turkey and the reasons for this prohibition, and since then, the Mountaineer inhabitants had been to prevented from migration to Turkey for permanent residency. As for the laws under which they should be utilized for deporting Mountaineers, the inhabitants of the state entrusted to me, to Turkey for permanent residency at the present time in the case some of them would submit such requests, it is my view that the government should be decisive in whether it is in its interest to vacate the region of the Mountaineer population before it develops certain conditions in that regard, there should be a determination to resolve this issue conclusively, because almost the entire Mountaineer population are ready to emigrate to Turkey right way, if they are permitted to do that, as they express their sincere intention whenever they have the opportunity, as happened recently when Qregheri Khanatokov and a number of families to immigrate to Turkey, at which the public unrest broke out after that decision and did not stop until now.
In my opinion, allowing the Mountaineer population to emigrate to Turkey without preconditions, a correct action which will make us get rid of dishonest inhabitants from the political point of view, noting that there is no need to fear if the area is vacated from the population, as the places that the Mountaineers are going to evacuate as the areas that Mountaineers would leave, can be rehabilitated immediately with Russian population with no trouble and without financial losses due to the large number of Russians who wish to reside here permanently, and they are living now as roaming people due to lack of vacant land. For the importance of this subject I intend to submit a detailed report in that regard, to His Highness Viceroy of the Caucasus Region during the visit of the next visit of His Highness the Prince to the region entrusted to me.
Document 378
In 15, November, 1872 - A letter from the Commander of the Terskaya District, Loris Melekov to A. B. Nikolay on the determination of Kabardians and the Mountaineer population residing in the eastern parts of the district to migrate to Turkey and the effect of population of the area beyond the Kuban. In response to Your Excellency’s letter no. 260, I have the honor to inform you that the contents of the letter of the Deputy Commander of Terskaya District No. 2418 of 32, May, of ideas about the departure permission for the Muslim pilgrims developed based on my personal instructions...
I seize this opportunity to offer some clarifications about the prevailing conditions among the Muslim district's population and the importance which the question of pilgrims had gained, every time the determination of the masses of people has strengthen - whatever their number was - to migrate to Turkey from this region or that.
Rumors spread recently mountain among the Mountaineer inhabitants residing in the region entrusted to me, that the Mountaineer people beyond the Kuban have applied to His highness requesting to allow the mass migration to Turkey.
Because of the presence of some individuals who have influence in members of their community and work to achieve the same goal since the year 1860 among the Kabardian population, it is very likely that this irresponsible claim that is demanded by the inhabitants beyond the Kuban who are close to Kabarday, and in spite of the refusal of the authorities, it may have an impact on the Kabardian territories and will create similar atmosphere in spite of that the claim had been rejected as far as I know. At the same time, as Your Excellency is informed, such movements have emerged in the summer of this year in the mountainous areas of the eastern part of the region.
Rumors have stopped and minds calmed down after the exposure of people who are after the rumors were recently subjected to punishment, however it is hard to say that the rumors about the will of the people residing beyond the Kuban did not receive responses in this region as well.
There is no doubt that if appropriate administrative arrangements is taken at the proper time, especially with the existence of completely different positions in the entire Chechen society and of course in Ossetia, that will help to prevent also the spread of such tendencies in Kabarda and in the controlled Mountainous communities in the eastern parts of the region, though, it is expected that some of those who wish to immigrate will choose for themselves - as happened in the past - another way to achieve their goal, which is to depart to Turkey under the pretext of performing any departure to Turkey under the pretext of performing Hajj with no return and then, after a period of time they will call their families to join them.
Therefore, we have to expect that the number of people wishing to travel to Mecca will increase in the spring of next year - perhaps by a large percentage – above the number mentioned in Report No. 2418, so as to calm disorders created by the demand of the inhabitants beyond the Kuban, it is better not to categorically define a figure for the number of people who can obtain passports for performing such a trip.
Document 379
In 15, August, 1873. - Letter from the Commander of the Kuban Region to the Director of General Administration of the Viceroy of the Caucasus Region, about the intention of Abazin to emigrate to Turkey and the difficulty to prevent the Mountaineer population from selling their livestock. With the letter of Your Excellency No. 9562 issued on the 27th of December, 1872, an attachment has been received that is directed to the attention of my deputy, which is contained of temporary laws in regard to travel permission abroad to the Muslims of the Kuban Region, which has been developed to meet the desire of the Mountaineer population to immigrate to Turkey, which emerged recently in an indirect way.
A long time has elapsed before these laws have been circulated after their issuance, which were not announced except at the end of May of this year in the district of Maikopski only by special order from the former district Commander.
Also, the Commander of Ykatrinodarski District who has not circulated the laws except in some parts of the district, that he had no reason to announce in the past, because all the Mountaineer population of the district that belongs to him, have known the existence of these laws with all the details and he used to inform them about their existence whenever he had the opportunity. As for the Commander of Batalpashinski, he did not advertise them except in the month of July.
The commanders of districts have said that the declaration on the laws came in an inappropriate time for fear of being announced before the end of the planting and harvest season can lead to the cessation of works all at a sudden because of migration to Turkey, which may cause an imbalance in the economic life to those Mountaineer residents who will not be able take advantage of the permission to leave because of the need to pay a fee of 70 rubles.
After the announcement of the laws, the Mountaineer inhabitants made certain that migration to Turkey is no longer forbidden with no doubt, so they retracted their concern, and now nothing is occupying their mind but the idea of moving over there. Although the number of Mountaineer families that got permission to leave did not exceed one hundred so far, but received reports from regional commanders suggest that a large number of inhabitants are preparing to immigrate with the advent of autumn. However, the Mountaineer population of the Batalpashinski Territory except Abazins, were uninterested in the temporary laws and they do not intend to move to Turkey, while almost all Abazins are preparing to leave.
The presence of intensive preparations to leave for Turkey, is indicated by a large number of the Mountaineer population have begun recently to sell their cattle, sheep and horses and if they do not find who buys in their places, they drive their herds out of the territory in search for a better price. That has prompted the Commander of the Terskaya District to ask me in his telegram sent in 6, August, that I issue a decree banning residents of the district entrusted to me, from taking the herds of cattle to Kabarda, because they sell them there under the pretext of immigration to Turkey making the local inhabitants to follow their shoe-steps to leave.
Since the temporary laws in question do not prevent the Mountaineer population who obtained permission to leave abroad from the sale of their properties, then it shall be deemed that the decision to prevent them from taking their cattle for sale outside the territory, an arbitrary action and as a plunder of their movable possessions and private properties, and such unjust action may result in its origin to the new disputes.
Based on these considerations and due to the absence of a law that restricts the right to sell personal property within single territory, I cannot meet completely the request of General Loris Milokov, however, and for the purpose to reduce contacts between residents of the districts entrusted to me and the members of their tribes in the District of Terskaya, I proposed to the regional commanders not to allow taking livestock out of the district without obtaining special permits, provided that these permits are not issued except with certificates from village communities to prove the right of ownership of the transferred livestock.
I convey this contained above information to Your Excellency which is regarded important and worthwhile.
Document 380
In 29, August, 1873 - Letter from the commander of Kuban Region to the Director of Public Administration to the Viceroy of the Caucasus Region about the departure of 212 families from Maikopski District and 73 families from Batalpashinski District for abroad and acute disorders that pervades the Circassians. I already informed Your Excellency in my report No. 3824 of 15th of August, how did the special temporary laws of travel of the Muslims of the Caucasus abroad on the situation in the district entrusted to me. I learned later that none of the Mountaineer population that received permission to leave has left until now in order to leave together after the sale of their properties.
In this way, next September 212 families from Maikopski District will leave together and 73 families from the District of Batalpashinski heading towards Tbilisi, and though I am not comfortable about this project, but I do not have the right to prevent such a large number of Mountaineers to travel to perform religious rituals, since they have fulfilled all the obligations they have to do in accordance with the interim laws. I cannot do anything except that I take action to ensure their movement through the territory of the district entrusted to me, provided that transportation will be in groups, each includes several dozens of families and under the observation of the security authorities. As I will inform the mayor of Kerch, Yenkolski about the next inhabitants’ movement and it is best in my opinion, to notify the Russian embassy in Constantinople about that.
While we believe from the outset that the terms of temporary laws will be heavy for the Mountaineers, it appeared now that neither the formal procedures nor the permit high fees for the amount of 70 rubles did prevent their intention to immigrate to Turkey.
There are many in the two districts of Maikopski and Batalpashinski are preparing to apply for a collective application to immigrate to Turkey. Thus, it became clear to all, that a mass migration is taking place now under the pretext of pilgrimage journey with a fee of 70 rubles only. Although, there is nothing that I can do to prevent those who have performed their obligations in preparation for travel to visit the tomb of the Prophet and, although I believe that any new attempt to prevent or limit those people will have serious consequences, but I am insisting to inform Your Excellency all of this to inform His Highness and I ask you to tell me your opinion and your instructions of what I have to do in this regard.
I deemed that I should not allow the passage of the Mountaineer inhabitants from the Georgian military road and directing them towards the ports to avoid unrest and false rumors in Terskaya District and the area beyond the Caucasus during the passage of the large part of them, especially in the District of Terskaya.
Document # 381 In 28, January, 1874. - A secret letter from the Commander of the District of Terskaya, Baron Nikolai on the prevention of Mountaineers of passage from the Georgian military road on their way to Turkey. In Your Excellency’s letter you addressed to the Commander of the Kuban Region No. 4060 of 20, August of last year, which a copy of it had been received of which is attached with the report of the Director of General Administration of the Viceroy of the Caucasus Region number 10976 of 15/17, December of last year that part of the Mountaineer population of the Kuban Region, who are getting ready to migrate to Turkey, are leaving by sea, while the other part consisted of 73 families will leave by land through the Georgian military road passing from the area of beyond Caucasus.
Since the immigration of the year 1862 of Mountaineers to Turkey, travelers were prevented to travel by land and crossing the land border to the area beyond the Caucasus as in addition to the problems caused by the passage of Mountaineers via the Georgian military road, the immigrants were negatively influencing the residents of the territories that they were passing through, by instigating them to migrate to Turkey during their stopping with them, therefore, it is my duty to request from Your Excellency to issue a resolution to prevent the Mountaineer migrants, the residents of the Kuban Region from passage from the Georgian military road in the event of the allowing a number of them to leave, whether they were moving in large or small groups.
Moreover, the road travel eases on the Mountaineer inhabitants residing in areas far from the sea, the migration process itself, where they do not take with them large numbers of cattle and horses, and also household items, the thing which they cannot do when traveling by sea. So, if the idea of emigrating to Turkey spreads in the Kabardian society, with a comprehensive large numbers, there will be no doubt that prevention of road travel would be an important and useful step, and can be justified by the need each migrant fulfilled all the requirements of the interim laws for Muslims leaving abroad to approach one of the sea points of the northeastern coast of the Black Sea and not to the land borders through the area beyond the Caucasus, because migrants passing through the Georgian military road, would obstruct the traffic on the road for travelers in general and to other means of transport and convoys - as there are examples of this - and the government cannot allow that.
I will wait for the response from Your Excellency, whether it is possible to take such mentioned action when needed.
Document 382
2, May, 1892
A report of Ataman of Ekatrin Darskogo area, directed to the President of Kuban Region on the Mountaineer's desire to move to Turkey and in regard to send delegates to the Ottoman Empire to be briefed on the areas that will be settled by the Mountaineers.
In implementation of Your Excellency’s letter addressed in last 30th of March, number 2316 in regard to taking the information provided in the year 1889 regarding the declaration of many Mountaineers from various villages about desire to emigrate to Turkey, according to the report submitted by me on date 9, April, 1891, number 732, I sent both my second assistant Bujai, and Chief of Guards Esaoul Kolensikov, for an official mission to all villages attached to Ekatrin Darskogo area to inform the Mountaineers with the consent of the Turkish government for accepting them as their own subjects in the next year, with a number not to exceed five thousand souls. Upon their return they have submitted a report on the negotiations they have carried out and lists of the names of Mountaineers who have declared their desire to move to Turkey.
According to the letter His Excellency the Commander of Cossack Forces dated 7, 7, 1890, No. 11087, the number of Mountaineers who have declared their desire to leave the number 12 666 souls under the conditions mentioned in the referenced letter, while the Mountaineers who have expressed their desire to leave, according to information contained in the presented reports constitute two thirds of the total population of the villages amounting to 11 217 souls. Taking into account what was mentioned in the letter No. 11087, I must along my assistant to make certain of the records of families and to investigate in person to obtain the correct and final number for those wishing to leave and to propose for them to choose delegates for them to travel to Turkey to explore the areas that they will be resettle in. Taking into account the duties required of me in the military camp in addition to the duty to organize formations of troops of His Majesty the Emperor arriving to Paschkovskoiyo Station, so I cannot go to the villages before the date of 22, 5, and at the same time, my first assistant Churni to go there also, because as soon as we leave the area administration at this time, the work will stop in the administration, as for my second assistant Bujai, he is a civil employee and heads a Court of Mountaineers, and he cannot perform Ataman’s tasks for administrating the area alone.
Due to all of what is mentioned and in order not to waste time and according to the letter of Your Excellency’s office manager dated 30, April, I have proposed to the population of all villages who have expressed their desire to move to Turkey, who are two thirds of the population, especially individuals who are characterized by deeds of looting and theft who are: Psheh Kwikhabl, Ponikojai, Nicojai I, Nicojai II, Shaghan - Charikhabl, Teliostenkhabl, Psehtok and Afipsip.To choose the delegates on their behalf for departure to Turkey, also the journey of delegates to Turkey for inspection of areas that will be used for resettling of Mountaineers, require in my opinion at least two months, and during this time, it can be ascertained about the records of families in addition to make sure once and for all about the numbers of Mountaineers who wish to move to Turkey, and probably also can explain the way to conduct a census for those who were allowed to leave who amounted to five thousand souls, in other word to be classified, men only or elderly, and men and women, and whether the census includes children as well.
Referring to the above, Your Excellency will be provided with the names of delegates to be disbursed with passports.
The Colonel area’s Ataman
Government archives - Krasnodar Province
Document 383
In 15, June, 1892 or later than that – “List of the distribution of land in the former Psehkopski District the District of Ektarenodarski, Kuban Region”
S N
Village
Number
Desatina
Total Area
name
obtained land
In place of residency
In empty land
In place of residency
In empty land
Total village share
Arable land
Unfit land
Total
Arable land
Unfit land
Total ا
Arable land
Unfit land
Total
.0
Psetok
000
000
08
0
11
11
0
10
1
111
7
418
0
0117
1
010
1
810
04
001
11
011
1
001
1
111
0108
7
470
1
001
1
0110
1
.0
Hashtok
000
01
1
44
0
111
111
017
1
111
7
111
017
7
0011
.1
Afbes
70
00
1
08
0
874
171
0141
111
171
171
0814
710
0111
.4
Shbanhable
07
010
7
011
1
0111
.1
First
Yedbesqwai
11
78
07
4
001
0
011
710
011
0114
710
011
1
00
011
1
701
0814
711
0107
.1
Second
Yedbesqwai
011
71
01
1
011
1
041
1
111
011
1
0411
0411
0111
700
111
04
711
111
701
711
0070
011
1
101
018
1
0111
1011
0181
.7
Bjehqwa &i Fort
147
71
14
1
411
1
081
1
7771
4111
081
1
001
1
7771
0011
.8
Tukhtmeqwai
With
711
71
1
110
4
001
1
400
0011
0181
1
1104
400
0
001
7771
0011
Kuzit
0
1
.1
Chinley
114
11
4
411
1
001
1
101
0011
111
0
4111
101
000
1
1110
0001
.01
Laqshoqai &
Hatohable Fort
400
40
0
117
1
000
1
101
0001
441
1
1781
101
011
1
4411
0111
.00
Telostanhable
011
01
1
011
1
011
1
001
0
0111
0411
0111
001
0
011
1
041
0111
.00
Tughorgoy
011
01
1
041
7
011
1
110
0111
000
1
0417
110
011
1
0001
0111
.01
Wejbshi
100
10
0
411
1
011
1
011
0111
4814
4111
011
041
1
4814
0411
.04
Hatelqwai
171
17
1
100
0
041
1
11
0411
108
1
4018
011
001
1
4104
0011
.01
Bshehtelqwai
410
41
0
40
18
141
011
141
4104
4018
011
001
1
4104
0011
.01
Kaznoqai with
Shahnjerehable
111
11
1
01
71
001
1
111
0011
1111
0171
111
711
1111
711
.07
Jejhable
101
10
1
01
14
711
41
711
0177
0114
41
040
1
0114
0401
.08
Tu-wi
001
00
1
001
7
040
1
018
1401
0171
0017
011
011
0171
011
.01
Negerzye
000
00
0
011
8
011
100
011
040
1
0118
100
011
0401
011
.01
Bsheqwey -
Hable
70
70
14
8
011
41
011
110
148
41
111
110
111
.00
Qunjo-hable
071
07
1
01
71
111
81
001
1
111
0111
0011
0171
11
001
1
0111
0011
.00
Baboqai
101
10
1
110
7
018
711
111
1
711
1107
018
711
1111
711
.01
1st & 2nd
Neshoqai
111
11
1
111
0
81
084
1
1181
0841
1110
81
084
1
1181
0841
.04
Benjeqwai
147
14
7
410
1
71
081
1
4111
0811
4101
71
081
1
4111
0811
.01
Asoqolai
118
11
8
118
0
11
010
1
1417
0101
1110
11
010
1
1417
0101
Total
810
0
77
7
1181
717
00
01004
0011
1411
1
0011
11
11
14
007
1
718
7
007
1
8071
1
011
0
1
087
1
0101
04
0871
Director of Features Acting Assistant
Document 384
15, June, 1892
The letter of Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Caucasus Region, directed to the Commander of Kuban Region to take the necessary measures for immediate the transfer of lands that Mountaineers have been deported from, to become under the authority of the local administration. In addition to the subject of the application directed to you on date 9, June, No. 9556, I plea to Your Excellency to issue orders necessary to place the lands that Mountaineers have been deported from, at the disposal of the local authority administration within the government property. Please let us know, to inform the Commander General of the Forces. Major General Signature Government Archives - Krasnodar Province
Document 385
In 15, June, 1892. – The letter of the Cossack Commander of Ekaterinodarski district to action commander of Kuban area with a request for the issuance of passports of the deputies elected by the villagers to travel to Constantinople to inspect the land allocated by the Turkish government for immigrants.
In addition to my report No. 114 of 2, May, I inform Your Excellency that based on the questionnaire that was conducted in 26-28, May, between residents of the villages of Adebsoqai, Neshoqai and Telustanhable, Bseytuk and Avbseb about desiring or not desiring to immigrate to Turkey this year, according to the decisions taken previously, showed that the number who desire is not more than two-thirds of the villages, so I excluded them from the list of immigrants and added to it those villages that the number who desire to immigrate have not been less than two-thirds based on the second paragraph of the project, which conveyed to me with Your Excellency predecessor’s report in 28, February, 1889, under No. 1741. Because the number has reached according to this report to 6401 persons at a time the Turkish government has agreed to receive five thousand persons only, therefore I planned to transfer the following villages to Turkey: Shenji, Shebanhable, Bonjqwai, First Nesmoqai, Jejehable, Netcherzi, Bsheqwoyhable, Laqshoqai, Deghorghoy, Ghataghohable and Betshehaloqai that their total population reaches to 4947 people. The residents of these villages have elected 3 persons, so I will introduce them to Your Excellency in 27 and 28, June, to issue them passports, to go to Constantinople immediately to inspect the lands.
Given the approaching deadline set for the migration and at the request of the representatives of the immigrants, I solicit Your Excellency, beside delivering the passports to allow the immigrants to sell the free livestock and the other extra movable properties, because I cannot make such a personal authorization under paragraph 12 of the draft of regulations conveyed to me in the report No. 1741 mentioned previously.
Section Commander
Senior Clerk
Document 386
18, June, 1892
Correspondence of State Property Administration in Kuban Region and Chernomorskogo District directed to the Commander of Kuban Region on the need to transfer the ownership of the deported Mountaineers lands to Turkey for the account of the state treasury.
Through the information provided by the Observer of Forests, the government consultant Nikolayev, in addition to the information provided by some individuals in the administration, which is positioned under my command, I learned that the Mountaineers living in 31 villages within the area of Pseh Kobskogo in Kuban Region will be deported this year to Turkey this year, with the consent of our government.
In the light of the foregoing, the entire territory of the villages that fall within the area of Brekoleskogo has been transferred to the account of the state treasury, to the administration, which is situated under my command. In case of deportation of Mountaineers from the rest of the villages that are still living in, all the lands which they used to inhibit must have its ownership fully transferred for the account of the state treasury, as for the remainder of the local population and for protecting the interests of the state treasury, I ask Your Excellency with the all humble to issue the orders necessary to inform the village councils and heads of villages which belong to the mentioned area, for the inhabitants and until they are deported to Turkey to terminate any accounts in abeyance with any individuals tenants for their lands, to discharge these lands from any obligation when they are inserted in the account of the state treasury.
In addition to the mentioned, I plea from Your Excellency with all humble, to let me know about the status of the process of mentioned Mountaineers’ deportation to Turkey.
Managing Director
Government Archives - Krasnodar Province
Document 387
In 21, June, 1892. - Report of the Cossack Commander of Ekaterinodarski Section to the administration of Kuban Region on "allowing the transfer of the population of these villages that those who are wishing to immigrate are less than one-half"
Upon the decision of the Region’s Administration No. 20070 of 20th of current June, which indicates that the Turkish government could receive this year 5 thousand male persons to stay in Turkey, I have the honor to inform that the report submitted on 15th of current June, under the number 1950, before I received the mentioned Region Administration's decision No. 20 070, I nominated for the transfer to Turkey only the villages with the following names: Shenji, Shabanhable, Bnajoqai, First Neshoqai, Jejehable, Necharzi, Bsheqwoyhable, Laqshoqai, Toghurghoy, Ghataghohable and B’chehaloqai, which has a population of approximately 5 thousand people of both genders and the number of males is only 2592. After the annexation of the villages that the number of those wishing to migrate is more or equal to two-thirds the inhabitants in every village which are First Adebsoqai, the number of males in it is 162 persons, Sheghncherehable, the number of males in it is , and Wechepchi, the number of males in it 491, and the total number is 763 persons, making the overall number 3355 persons of males who have the right to emigrate to Turkey by the draft regulations. The number is less than 5 thousand by 1645 persons.
To this, please allow me in the fastest time as well, to transfer the inhabitants of the villages that those who wish to migrate, are not less than two-thirds only, but less than half. This is the ideal way to provide interested in immigration with a number that reaches about 5 thousand males only. And speeding up to allow that is necessary because the representatives of the villages intended to be transferred to Turkey, will go to Turkey on the 28th of current June to inspect the lands, and it is favorable to leave with them also, representatives from other villages that got who wish to immigrate to Turkey.
The Colonel, Section Commander
Document 388
21, July, 1892
Report of Maykop region’s Ataman, which is directed to the Commander of Kuban Region on the permission to transfer of Mountaineers who are reluctant to leave on stages to Novorossiysk to be deported later on into the Turkish territory.
Some residents of six villages and who had a decision taken against them, to deport them to Turkey in the year 1890 are still residing temporarily in their villages. Due to part of them did not sell their properties (lands) and the other part because of lawsuits that are still seen in courts. In addition to the investigations that are still ongoing, and despite the fact that the cited had completed the sale of the properties and cases before the courts had the disposition, but they are still living in the areas of my administration and are reluctant to migrate to Turkey, and engaged in theft, robbery and they hide with relatives.
By informing the foregoing to Your Excellency, I sought to allow me to transfer the Mountaineers who have permission to leave to Turkey and refrain from doing so by transferring them in stages to the city of Novorossiysk, the to place them under the disposal of the chief of Chernomorskogo District to be deported later to Turkey by the Turkish Consul.
Ataman of Maykop Region
Colonel Kaligski
Signature
Government Archives - Krasnodar Province
Document 389
In 21, July, 1892 or later than that. - List of families of the Mountaineer population of the former Begwash’hableski, Bjedoghovski, Jankatovski, Wonarokovski, Katarbovski and Khodzskeski who are late on migration to Turkey in the year 1890 for various reasons, but they are still remain under displacement:
Number Name of villages and persons Age Note
Males Females
1 Begwash’hableski village Residing temporarily
Azamatove Zakri 38
His wife Deshkhan 27
Their sons:
Baterbey 5
Gelgbi 3
Their Daughter:
Qaderkhan 6
2 Azamatove Yousef 30 Residing temporarily in Adalevski Village
His wife Memerk 25
His brothers:
Saleh 22
Endris 17
Their mother: Ha 55
Saleh’s wife 20
3 Azamatove Hussein 45 Residing temporarily in Adalevski Village -
His wife Dakhabs 35
Their sons:
Ishaq 7
Mehemet 6
Their daughters
Ghashi 4
Dewletkhan 2
4 Azamatove Mehemk 52 Residing temporarily of Adami 5
His wife Ed (Died)
Their sons:
Bekir 22
Ali 4
Their daughter Fatemat 9
Bakir’s wife – Bjedokhai 18
Their son Marokh 1
Mehemkeri’s brother - 35
Mousa 18
His wife Hajet
Their daughter Dewletkhan 1
5 Dotokove Hajomar 23 In prison
6 Khobaghove Hapach 44 Residing temporatily - in the village of Adami
His wife Melk-Khan 35
Their sons:
Haji Bakir 8
Seferbey 3
Their daughters
Hajet 4
Haji-Khan 1
7 Seyokhove Hatshogh 47 They reside in Tmerghoyvski Village - Aslanove’s Manor in - - the community of -
His wife Dzadz 40
Their sons:
Karbatir 18
Seferbey 3
Tourk 1
8 Hatchdokove Qoy 28 Pending trial for - inflicting wounds on - peasant Borodken, - Case ended
9 Shomafove Telgher 28 Resides in the village - of Adami
10 Tsey Selman 40 Due to the charge of ---- stealing a bul year 1889 and was ----- acquitted. Resides ----- now in the village of ---- Adami
11 Bshepyev Habaq 35 Remained in Russia ---- on suspension of -------- stealing sacks from ----- Flakhovench in the ------ year 1890. Resides ------ now in Faboqai village
12 Khotob Bjedogh 25 Delayed due to his stay - in prison for theft. Case - is over. He was ----------- imprisoned once more. - Was retained due to the - charge of stealing a ----- horse from Chelkhetove - in the year 1884. The --- case has been settled. --
Resides in the village of - Adami
13 Hatqo Yousef 30 Resides in the village --- - of Adami
14 Chilskhetove Khogh 30 Kept in Adami Village for - the accusation of - - stealing Telmav ----------- Telostaninove’s horse --- from Hatajoqai village ---- and stealing bulls from -- Makasove.
His brother Lakh 30 Was kept for the ---------- accusation - of stealing a horse from - Khawajf in the year ------- 1887. Presently on the -- run
15 Haghatchev Hajbyram 33 Was kept in Hakorenove - village for the --------------- accusation of stealing a - horse from from ----------- Merzalove from ------------ Wurobski town in the ----- year 1889
16 Gomleshkhod Mahmoud 35 Was kept by a decision -- of the court for stealing -- sacks from Flagovitch. --- Lives in Khodzki village
17 Beghwashf Zakri 17 In prison. Was kept for --- robbing the peasant, ----- Bzesinova
18 Gomleshkho Othman 27 In Hatoqai village with ---- Tula-Otelv’s bail. Kept --- - by a court decision for --- stealing a horse from ---- Merzanove from ----------- Wurobski town in the ----- year 1889
19 Befashf Tata 37 Left to Turkey
20 Indar Antchokove 33 Residing in the village of - Adami
His mother Aul 60
21 Ibrahim Beghwashf 31 Resides in the village of -- Adami
22 Tutssoj Khawajf 42
23 Zakri Belneghabtseh 30 Resides in the village -- - of Asoqolai
24 Khaghoh Khotegeve 40 Passed away
25 Mehmen Katawve 45 Resides in the village -- - of Bonjokayvski
26 Pshebghot Shutan 65 Residing in the village of - Ghaboqai
His sons:
Ansoq 35
Hajoq 30
Malakh 5
Shutan’s wife – Batsa 59
Ansoq’s wife – Shapsug 35
Their daughters: 12
Shamwai 7
Saskhon 6
Psheshenashkho 23
Hajokh’s wife – Kwak
The village of Bjedoghovski
27 Apeshfa Reomres – Widow 28 Refused immigration. ----- Resides with her sister ---- Khakh Apeshv in the ------- village of ---------------------- Kontshoqohablski,---------- Ekaterinodar Section
Her daughters:
Pshemaf 9
Koshet 6
Ghoshvij 4
28 Hazshekov Naqar 21 Was in prison on charges - of theft and was ------------ released. Pending --------- deportation with his ------- family. Resides in the ----- village of ---------------------- Kontshokohablski, --------- Ekaterinodar Section
His wife Patso 21
Their son – Yerjib 4
Their daughters:
Lode 1
Samsor 1
29 Torkove Indress 33 Was in prison for theft. ---- Was released, pending --- deportation to Turkey. ---- Resides in the village of -- Ghaboqai
His wife Nashkho 33
Their son Bakir 2
Their daughter – Nagho 1
30 Boghojf Nateh 21 Refused immigration. ----- Resides in the village of -- Bjedoghovski
His wife – Haza 13
Their son – Hajimt 2
31 Delekov 23 … in the case of horses’ - theft in the court of -------- Labenski. Resides in the - village of Bjedoghovski
32 Jatchmokove Tahir 20 Under the observation of - police by the order of ------ Labenski Station ------------ Administration No. 19584 - dated 11, November, ------ 1890 on trying to escape - to
Turkey. Resides in the - village of Hatoqai
33 Zaromokove Eydemir 24 On the theft of armed ------ horses in the year 1889. -- Resides in the village of -- Bonjoqai, Ekaterinodarski - Section
34 Toghojve Baghoj 23 Was in jail on theft ---------- accusation. Was released - and resides in the village - of Bjedoghovski with ------- Katmampetove
35 Temeel Yacob 23 Left to Turkey
36 Hazmokove Bletakh 24 Was in prison for stealing - bulls. Resides now in the - village of ---------------------- Kontshokohablski, within - Ghaboqai community
37 Khawdokove Fataqai 26 On the run
38 Tsepi Hanano 31 Was under observation of - the police by order of ------
Labenski court No. 1566 -- dated 26, October, 1888. - Resided in the village of -- Bjedoghovski with - - Kastanove
39 Chopsenove Naqar 24 Resides at the village of -- Kontshokohablski
40 Chopsenove Chich 23 Was in prison for stealing - a horse. Was released -- and he resides at the ------ village of ---------------------- Kontshokohablski within - - Ghaboqai community
41 Abchikove Zekosho 25 Was released. He was in - - prison for stealing horses. - Resides in the village of --- Adami
42 Chopsenove Dale 25 Was in prison for theft in --- the year 1885. Resides in - the village of ------------------ Kontshokohablski within --- Ghaboqai community
43 The village of Jankatovski
Antsokove Pshetser 34 Resides in the village of --- Tmerghoyvski. He refused - immigration. He is ----------- pending deportation to ----- Turkey.
His Grandmother Hazret 51
44 Antsokove Anzawr 36 He refused immigration. --- Resides in the village of --- Hatajokayvski
45 Darove Khoch 30 He left to Turkey
His wife Koko 21
46 Jankatove Byouk 34 He was in prison for the --- accusation of theft. ---------- Resides now in the village - of Tmerghoyvski
47 Jankatove Bsheqan 30 Kept for the accusation of - murder. His whereabouts - is unknown. He left to ------ Turkey.
48 Jajif Khot 35 He was in prison based --- on the order of Labenski -- court No. 1896 dated 4, ---
December, 1889, then he - escaped to Turkey.
49 Kazenchieve Kalagheri 21 Was on trial for theft
His brother 17 He left to Turkey
50 Kwashve Hajemit 19 No information on his ------ whereabouts
51 Nachve Hapech 44 He avoided immigration. -- He is pending deportation - to Turkey. He resides in -- the village of ----------------- Pchahatloqai
His wife – Komkhan 25
52 Tleshve Abdullah 41 He immigrated to Turkey
53 Tleshve Tlestrok 13 No information available
54 Tleshve Yacob 2 in the village of -------------- Bjedoghovski
55 Tleshve Tlakhodich 13 He left to Turkey
56 Tleshve Adich 20 No information available
57 Khoshtokove Hajimet 21 In the prison of Maykop
58 Khotove Khoshtak 34 Escaped to Turkey
59 Tsyeve Othman 13 He left to Turkey
60 Tsyeve Habit 30 He left to Turkey
61 Ktawve Khakoj 23 His whereabouts is--------- unknown
62 Ktawve Ahmet 31 No information available
63 Tsontyejve Zakri 41 He was in prison for the -- accusation of theft. He ---- left to Turkey in the --------- spring of the current year
64 Tsontyejve Aslangeri 33 Fugetive
65 The village of Wenarokvski
Matseve Nashkhwo 60 Immigrated to Turkey in--- the year 1892
66 Khokonove Zabit 28 Immigrated to Turkey in -- the spring of the year ----- 1892
67 Karove Ghobjoq 24 Fugetive
68 Abchekhove Tokhach 35 Remained for settling ----- accounts with creditors. - Residing in the manor of - Wenarokvski
69 Haghorove Tlepskhach 40 In the village of ------------ Wenarokvski
70 Meretove Yacob 30 In the village of ------------ Wenarokvski
71 Toghove Nawrez 45 In the village of ------------ Wenarokvski
72 The village of Natrobovski
Shawjef Alkhas 30 Immigrated to Turkey
73 Jarmove Qakhoun 25 In the former village of --- Naterbovski
His brother Mats 20 Staying with the officer -- Kosekove and in his ------ service
74 Toghove Mehemit 25 In the village of ------------- Belchbsinski
75 Kelechve Slimgheri 24 In the village of ------------- Yegrokhayvski
76 Khaghodve Mohammad 25 In the village of ------------- Keshkhablski
77 Mameshve Beghok 40 Left to Turkey
78 Toghove Yerjib 27 Kept by court’s decision -- for stealing horses. -------- Residing in the village of - Naterbovski
79 Hashbakove Khot 23 Kept for the purpose of --- selling the properties in --- the village of Khodzki
80 Khaghodve Fets 23 Kept by a decision of ------ Labenski court in the ------ village of Khodzki
81 Godove Hajomar 30 In the service of Shtengel - Baron
His brother Mousa 18
82 Mefedzif Trakh 25 In the village of ----------- - Jraqayvski with ------------- - Hachmezove
83 Pseyonove Almorza 30 In the village of --------------- Kanokovski
85 Matove Hapach 21 In the village of Khodzki --- with Shebzokhove
86 Abajekhove Beshemaf 25 In the village of -------------- Kosh’hablski
87 Adetcheve Meshbash 17 In the village of -------------- Benokovski
88 The village of Khodzki Both immigrated in the
Sabantchyeve Vetsa 50 spring of the year 1892
His brother Qasbot 35 to Turkey
89 Mesrokove Aslan 40 Stayed in the village of --- - Khodzki for selling his ----- properties
Gheri
His brother – Mato 26
90 Mesrokove Beta 22 Was kept in the village of -- Khodzki for judicial ---------- reasons
91 Ghoshakove Ahmit 22 Was kept in the village of -- Khodzki for judicial ---------- reasons
92 Shurdemove Majeed 22 Was kept in the village - of Khodzki for judicial ---- reasons
93 Toghove Wumar 30 Stayed in the village of -- - Khodzki for selling the --- properties
94 Kadenikove Mahmoud 61 Residing in the village of - Benokski
Afendi 18
His son Said
95 Adamyeve Kochok 32 Remained in the village -- of Benokski to sell herds - of horses
96 Khotatove Selimgheri 40 Remained in the village -- of Benokski to sell herds - of horses
97 Kopsherove Shaghoj Remained in the village -- of Benokski to sell herds - of horses
98 Nakhoshve Saleh 48 Both remained in the ------ His mother - ghona 66 village of Benokski due --- to illness
99 T’hakomachve Shuaib 30 Case is over. He spent --- the sentence
100 Bsedove Bat 29 He spent the sentence. - - Residing in the village of - Benokski
101 Mashokove Babeta 25 Case is not over yet. ----- Residing in the village of - Benokski
102 T’habsimove Hato 40 Pending trials. Residing - in the village of --------- Benokski
103 Ghwaghve Hajopbater 22 Case is not over yet. ----- Residing in the village of - Benokski
104 Khanove Hatso 23 Case is not over yet. ----- - Residing in the village of - Benokski
105 Kankolove Shkhangheri 20 Case is not over yet. ----- - Residing in the village of - Benokski
106 Wdakhove Mehmit 31 Residing in the village of - Benokski
His wife Hajkhan 23
107 Jarandouq Ashapove 50 Avoided immigration. ----- Residing in the manor of - Benokski
108 Fromformer Naterbovski
Residing in the village of
Benokski
Toghove Tsekoji 35 Both immigrated to ------ - His brother Wumar 30 Turkey
For the absence of the Section Commander
The Officer
Document # 390
In 23, July, 1892. - Data on the numbers of the population Ekaterinodar Section who are wishing to immigrate to Turkey and who are remaining in villages
Name of Immigrate to Turkey Remain in the villages
Villages No. of Families No. of Persons No. of Families No. of Persons
Males Females Males Females
Sh’banhable 48 142 139 26 74 76
1st Adabsoqai 46 165 162 3 8 7
2nd Adabsoqai 40 127 115 3 116 112
Chejhable 81 276 256 125 81 55
Twoy 17 56 54 11 53 35
N’gerzi 35 110 106 3 10 10
B’sheqoyhable 18 66 60 8 24 31
1st Neshoqai 40 147 132 7 14 19
2nd Neshoqai 47 163 154 4 30 22
Asqolai 106 296 291 89 287 297
Ghaboqai 69 233 191 116 441 383
Hatloqai 95 283 265 86 258 261
Pchehatloqai 115 407 360 4 21 13
Sh’hangeri 33 114 108 // // //
Hable
Wichpchi 160 509 445 2 5 7
Laqshoqai 120 406 387 4 10 9
Telostan’Hable 10 27 24 36 108 105
Toghor Ghoy 39 137 143 2 5 5
Hato Hable 18 5 57 2 7 5
Tekhtomqwai 69 232 200 145 384 283
Bankhis 6 16 14 94 307 274
Afpsep 40 126 128 111 351 256
Shengi 112 418 351 69 215 199
Total 1509 5008 4586 997 3254 2842
Qantchoqo // // // 55 221 188
Hable
Qazanqoy // // // 59 210 204
Kuzet // // // 57 146 130
Bjeghoqai // // // 66 195 176
New // // // 158 498 468
Bjeghoqai
Hashtok // // // 45 156 135
Total 1509 5008 4586 1437 4670 4143
The Commander of Ekaterinodarski Section
The Lieutenant Colonel
Document 391
In 18, February, 1893. - The letter of Acting the Commander of Kuban Region to the Chief of Staff of the Caucasus Military Administration on Turkey's refusal in the year 1892 to receive Caucasian immigrants "because of the cholera epidemic in Kuban Region at the time" and to inquire about the possibility of deporting 10 thousand males to the Ottoman Empire.
I am informing Your Excellency to relay to the Commander of the Caucasus Cossacks that the departing representatives from the city of Ekaterinodar in 28, June of last year to Turkey to inspect the allocated lands for residence, were stopped in Novorossiysk by the order of the Minister of Interior of the Ottoman Empire which came in a telegram sent to the Turkish Consul in Novorossiysk, due to the existing cholera epidemic in Kuban Region at the time, forcing the representatives to return to their villages. As for inspecting the lands and the transfer of the population to Turkey, were postponed until next summer because of the Cholera epidemic and the plague disease, which prevented the Mountaineers from the selling their livestock at reasonable prices.
Add to this that in accordance with the permission decision came in your Excellency’s letter No. 4673 of 21, March of last year to emigrate to Turkey, 1509 families of Ekaterinodarski Section’s residents among them 5008 males and 4586 females have expressed their interest in immigration, and their sequence came according to the villages in the attached special list.
Because the people who have permission to emigrate to Turkey in the past year have not been able to take advantage of it for the reasons mentioned previously, while the plan the present deportation plan to deport the second third of the Mountaineer population to Turkey in the current year, and no approval of the Turkish Government has been received yet for receiving them, so please inform that to the Commander of the Cossacks Forces, and if there is in the opinion of His Excellency a possibility also to request for approval from the Turkish government through our embassy to receive the second third of the Mountaineer population in its territories during this year, which they are numbered 5000 male people, and the total number is10 thousand of males, and please let me know what would be the case later.
Document 392
25, February, 1893
Report of Ataman of the District of Libeen-Skogo directed to the Commander of Kuban Region in regard to granting of passports to the commissioners of the village of Aorobskogo, departing to the Ottoman Empire.
Residents of the village of Aorobskogo of my administration and they number 306 families, they have announced their desire to emigrate to Turkey permanently, and they have delegated in 22, February of this year, some of the people of their village, and they are Elias Shauket Lofa, Rekotsa Beteh, Beteh Kilaseva and Kwaslamova, to leave to Turkey for the inspection of areas that have been awarded by the Turkish government for living at in the event it has been approved.
Based on the above, I am informing Your Excellency that in case the above-mentioned are granted passports for departure to Turkey, there will be no opposition from me.
Government Archives - Krasnodar Province
Document 393
In 16, April, 1893. – Letter of Staff of the Caucasus Military Administration to the Commander of the Tereskaya Region on deportation of the Mountaineer population to Turkey and the "rehabilitation of vacant land with Russian residents only”.
Based on Your Excellency’s letter in 11, March, and transferred to the Commander of the troops, on the deportation of local inhabitants of Tereskaya Region to Turkey, His Highness has honored us by approving all proposed measures contained in the mentioned letter and would support your suggestions on the deportation of individuals or entire groups. In addition to that, General Shrimatov has instructed me to approach you to request the instructions on how to dispose the land that is abandoned by residents who move away in large groups and how to regulate immigration itself.
For this purpose, His Excellency has ordered to inform you of the instructions submitted to the Minister of War by his deputy on the deportation of the indigenous people of Kuban Region to Turkey, which has received the High Approval.
Prince Dondokov’s instructions were as follow:
1. To get through diplomatic negotiations, the initial Ottoman government approval to accept approximately 24 thousand persons of male immigrants from Kuban Region in its dependency with the specification of their residence, but not in the provinces adjacent to us. Knowing that the negotiations can be conducted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or a special commissioner, as it the matter used to be in the sixties by authorizing a special envoy from the Caucasus to conduct personal negotiations with the Turkish government through our embassy.
2. After obtaining the approval of the Turkish government on the deportation to inform the population about it and to alert them that immigration will not be at one time but on a gradual basis. At the same time there is no objection of allowing the population groups wishing to immigrate to send representatives who are carrying passports to inspect the lands allocated by the Turkish government for residency provided that not all properties to be sold except after the return of the representatives and to prepare for migration on the dates specified earlier.
3. An important condition to be set that negotiations in the migration issue will be determined with not less than two thirds of the vote, as for the minority that does not wish to migrate, it must evacuate the lands occupied, and will be resided and allocated of land by a decision of the local authority in the remaining villages in the region. The territory of the migrating village will become under the disposal of Kuban Cossacks forces to be used according to the objectives of the future colonial government.
4. If the migration involves entire village groups, an opportunity should be given for everyone to sell their premises and other properties at a specific date, with the transfer of ownership of public buildings under the disposal of the Administration to transfer or be used for new settlements or for other purposes.
5. With respect to public funds, they are subject to the following conditions: the immigrant groups can use public funds to spend on immigration, without requesting assistance from the administration, as for the groups that part of them migrate of which the other part remains in place, public funds will be divided in proportion to the number of members of each of the two groups.
6. Inform immigrants by not allowing them to return under any circumstances, under any pretext whatsoever, and who returns to the Caucasus will be treated according to the laws the treatment of bandits. For his part, General Sheremeteve sees that it is of duty to rehabilitate vacant territories with Russian settlers only to strengthen the Russian element among the indigenous inhabitants.
Document 394
In 23, June, 1893. – Notification from the Staff of the Caucasus Military Section to the Commander of Kuban Region on Turkey's refusal to receive "10 thousand of males".
In response to the letter number 18453 of 8, June, on the issue of deporting Mountaineer inhabitants to Turkey, I notify Your Excellency that according to your instructions No. 5424 dated 18, February of the current year, the Commander of Forces of the District had requested in his letter issued in 6, March from our Ambassador in Constantinople to obtain the approval of the Turkish government to accept the remaining immigrants, who are numbered 10 thousand people along the first and second two-thirds of the migrants during the current year.
Embassy has informed us recently that the Ottoman Foreign Minister has responded with refusal to contact with the Turkish government in regard to this matter justifying the refusal to accept the mentioned immigrants for the intention of the Turkish government to secure the stay of the Rumelis immigrants First, even though, the Imperial Embassy still negotiates with the Turkish government in order to get approval, at least to accept the first third of the Mountaineer immigrants in Turkey this year.
To this, I solicit Your Excellency to let me know in order to notify General Sheremeteve for sending representatives from 5 villages Batalpachinski Section to Turkey to inspect the lands allocated for residency noting that immigration is not allowed from this Sector, without the approval of the High approval.
For the General, Chief of Staff
Section Commander
Document 395
A request submitted by one of the residents of Keach Mai in the Chernomorskogo District in regard to leaving to Turkey
Tatokha Kochaabai
I have the honor and humbly to ask you to let me and my family of my wife Mamdkhan 50 years, my children each put down a 12-year, Madjamit 5 years, Savara 3 years and my daughters both Colo 7 years Vatmat 3 months to leave the village Keach Mai in the Chernomorskogo District to Turkey
Because of lack of knowledge of writing, the request was signed by Edward Alexander Starkov
5, July, 1893
Government Archives - Krasnodar Province
Document 396
Ghassan Chetaw
I have the honor and humble to request from Your Excellency to allow me and my family, consisting of my wife Kotcha Krai and my daughter Zakherat 4 years to travel from the village of Keach Mai in Chernomorskogo District to Turkey. Because of lack of knowledge of writing was signed request by Edward Alexander Starkov
5, July, 1893
Government Archives - Krasnodar Province
Document 397
Ibrahim Derove
I have the honor and humble, to request from Your Excellency to allow me and my family consisting of my wife, Dekherabres 40 years and my sons Lota 13 years, Sovrubi 5 years Turkubi 3 years, Nokha 4 months and my daughter Nagho 7 years to leave from the village of Keach Mai in Chernomorskogo District to Turkey.
Due to lack of knowledge of writing, the request is signed by Edward Alexander Starkov
5, July, 1893
Government Archives - Krasnodar Province
Document 398
Name Shelnasha Gwageav
I have the honor and humble to request from Your Excellency to allow me and my family consisting of my mother Tsekonayo 70 years, my wife Kour 35 years, my children Chilmita 13 years, Arzumisa 6 years, Mahmoud 3 years, my daughter Esakhar 4 years and my brother Shulmaf with his family consisting of his wife, Zizo 30 years, his daughters, Sas 6 years, and Terkokhan 4 years, and his son Ahmed 2 years, to leave from the village of Keach Mai in Chernomorskogo District to Turkey.
Due to lack of knowledge of writing, the request is signed by Edward Alexander Starkov
6, July, 1893
Government Archives - Krasnodar Province
Document 399
In 24, July, 1893. - Letter of the Commander of Kuban Region to the Chief of Staff of the Caucasus Military Administration on the temporary deportation from Batalpachinski Section to Labebski Section to the following villages: Volni, Karamorzinski, Koroghokovski, Konokovski and Robski, and the recognition of the need to keep away the Mountaineer Inhabitants who are residing near the railroad by deporting them to Turkey.
In response to letter No. 10254 of 23, June, I have the honor to inform you that the villages temporarily annexed to Labebski Section based on decree No. 32 issued in 6, November of the year 1892.
The reason for this measure is the location of these villages near the village of Armavir, the center of the above mentioned administrative Section.
As for the permission given to the above mentioned villages’ representatives to go to Turkey to inspect the lands for residency, it took place under the consideration that the inhabitants of the mentioned villages represent a very different human pattern from those residing in other villages of Batalpashinski Section and they make a living from the practice of robberies, acts of looting and theft of horses, and their homes along the railroad line are used a haven for perpetrators of attacks on railroad trains.
While recognizing the need to keep away the Mountaineer inhabitants living near the railroad by deporting them to Turkey, the topic that I will present a report about, after receiving the approval of the Turkish government, I am sure that we will not face difficulties to implement. The government’s intention to keep the population of Batalpachinski Section being horse breeders cannot be achieved, as these villages are not engaged in this profession.
The General
Document 400
In December of the year 1893 or later. - Report of the Commander of Kuban Region sent to the interim Commander of the Caucasus Military Forces Section on the expected deportation of the population of 5 villages of Labenski Section to Turkey
In addition to be my letter No. 13422 of 29, December of last year, directed to the Chief of Staff of the Caucasus Military Administration, I have the honor to inform Your Excellency that the inhabitants of the mountainous villages of Labenski Section who I had allowed them to immigrate to Turkey within the first batch do not share with Qarashai and other indigenous tribes residing in Batalpachinski Section in terms of lifestyle, practices or other tendencies.
Those practical characters that the members of the last tribes are characterized by, and makes the Russian government value them for the practical cultural benefit as absolutely non-existing with the 5 villagers’ inhabitants of Labenski Section, and at a time the residents of Batalpachinski Section are exploiting the mountainous pastures and breeding horses, and master this work, the inhabitants of Volni, Knonokovski and other villages located in the planes avoid all types of work, according to what Colonel Savetski the Commander of Labenski Section has told in more than one occasion, they are awaiting the issuance of the approval of the Turkish government to accept them within its territories, and based on these expectations and under the influence of set propaganda, the Mountaineer population consider their presence in the Region a temporary matter, they engage in agriculture somehow and often they engage in banditry, looting and thefts, and pose a threat to the Russian population living in the neighborhood and on the railroad, which passes nearby. I thought that the diplomatic contacts on the deportation of residents in the region that is assigned to me to Turkey based on the conviction for the necessity to clear the area of the elements that are most harmful and least affected by civilization, and accordingly, and being familiar with local needs closely, I decided to deport the 5 villages mentioned above, and then, because I got no response to the letter No. 6603 of 24, July of last year, which I outlined in it the ideas about the need to deport the population of these villages in particular, and based on my conviction that the government is aiming to the same objectives in its decision to allow the migration, I did not stop the implementation of the resolutions that would arrange for the coming migration, and villages of Labenski Section were informed of intention of the administration. No pressure was given by the local authorities, and I have been told previously that migration to Turkey forms the biggest dream for the Mountaineer population and this is confirmed by the presence of their representatives in Constantinople to request the approval from the Turkish government on behalf of the entire population.
As for the residents of Ekaterinodarski Section, despite the intention to deport them first, however circumstances have changed and showed that the population of this Section, although there is cases of rebellion, constitute more suitable thing for the administrative influence on them. Apart from that, the Mountaineer inhabitants in each of the Ekaterinodarski and Maykopski Sections constitute much more, an intensive mass population; therefore, deporting 15000 people of them would not form a significant impact on the status of the entire region, while benefit appears quite clearly from deporting residents of 5 villages of Labenski Section. I cannot say the same about some arbitrary measures, including resettlement of individual families because I have reasons to fear that this measure will not lead to the desired goal, but will lead to problems that will become much more difficult to address.
And I add to what was said previously, that I hope from Your Excellency to go ahead and apply to request the High Approval on the deportation of the Mountaineer population of Labenski Section for the reasons mentioned in this report.
Also I add that I intend to start deportation from the villages of Labenski which are Volni, Karamorzenski, Kurghokovski, Konokovski and Robski, and then some of the villages adjacent to Maykopski Section then Ekaterinodarski Section, and no need to add that there will not be any coercion by the Administration. In this context, the issue of deportation will be discussed in the villages’ meetings. General Malama.
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